జాబిల్లి కోసం ఆకాశమల్లే వేచాను నీ రాకకై జాబిల్లి కోసం ఆకాశమల్లే వేచాను నీ రాకకై జాబిల్లి కోసం ఆకాశమల్లే వేచాను నీ రాకకై జాబిల్లి కోసం ఆకాశమల్లే వేచాను నీ రాకకై నిను కాన లేక మనసూరుకోక పాడాను నేను పాటనై
జాబిల్లి కోసం
నువ్వక్కడ నేనిక్కడ పాటిక్కడ పలుకక్కడ మనసొక్కటి కలిసున్నది ఏనాడైన నువ్వక్కడ నేనిక్కడ పాటిక్కడ పలుకక్కడ మనసొక్కటి కలిసున్నది ఏనాడైన ఈ పువ్వులనే నీ నవ్వులుగా ఈ చుక్కలనే నీ కన్నులుగా నును నిగ్గుల ఈ మోగ్గలు నీ బుగ్గలుగా ఊహల్లో తేలీ ఉర్రూతలూగీ మేఘాలతోటి రాగాల లేఖ నీకంపినాను రావా దేవి
జాబిల్లి కోసం
నీ పేరోక జపమైనది నీ ప్రేమోక తపమైనది నీ ధ్యానమే వరమైనది ఏన్నళ్ళైనా నీ పేరోక జపమైనది నీ ప్రేమోక తపమైనది నీ ధ్యానమే వరమైనది ఏన్నళ్ళైనా ఉండీ లేకా వున్నది నీవే ఉన్నా కూడా లేనిది నేనే నా రేపటి అడియాసల రూపం నీవే దూరాన ఉన్నా నా తోడు నీవే నీ దగ్గరున్న నీ నీడ నాదే నాదన్నదంతా నీవే నీవే
జాబిల్లి కోసం
చిత్రం : మంచి మనసులు గానం : ఎస్. ఫై . బాలసుబ్రహ్మణ్యం రచన : రాజశ్రీ సంగీతం : ఇళయరాజా
పెదవే పలికిన మాటల్లోనే తీయని మాటే... అమ్మ కదిలే దేవత అమ్మ కంటికి వెలుగమ్మ తనలో మమతే కలిపి పెడుతుంది ముద్దగా తన లాలిపాటలోని సరిగమ పంచుతుంది ప్రేమ మధురిమ
మనలోని ప్రాణం అమ్మ మనదైన రూపం అమ్మ ఎనలేని జాలిగుణమే అమ్మ నడిపించే దీపం అమ్మ కరుణించే కోపం అమ్మ వరమిచ్చే తీపి శాపం అమ్మ నా ఆలి అమ్మగా ఔతుండగా జో లాలి పాడనా కమ్మగా కమ్మగా
పొత్తిళ్లో ఎదిగే బాబు నా ఒళ్లో ఒదిగే బాబు ఇరువురికి నేను అమ్మవ్వనా నా కొంగు పట్టేవాడు నా కడుపును పుట్టేవాడు ఇద్దరికీ ప్రేమ అందించనా నా చిన్నినాన్ననీ వాడి నాన్ననీ నూరేళ్లు సాకనా చల్లగా చల్లగా
ఎదిగీ ఎదగని ఓ పసికూనా ముద్దులకన్నా జోజో బంగరు తండ్రీ జోజో బజ్జో లాలీ జో పలికే పదమే వినక కనులారా నిదురపో కలలోకి నేను చేరి తదుపరి పంచుతాను ప్రేమ మాధురి
నే తొలిసారిగా కలగన్నది నిన్నే కదా నా కళ్లెదురుగా నిలిచున్నది నువ్వే కదా స్వప్నమా నువ్వు సత్యమా తేల్చి చెప్పవేం ప్రియతమా మౌనమో మధురగానమో తనది అడగవేం హృదయమా ఇంతలో చేరువై అంతలో దూరమై అందవా స్నేహమా
ప్రేమా నీతో పరిచయమే ఏదో పాపమా అమృతమనుకుని నమ్మటమే ఒక శాపమా నీ ఒడి చేరిన ప్రతి మదికి బాధే ఫలితమా తీయని రుచిగల కటికవిషం నువ్వే సుమా పెదవులపై చిరునవ్వుల దగా కనబడనీయవు నిప్పుల సెగ నీటికి ఆరని మంటల రూపమా
నీ ఆటేమిటో ఏనాటికీ ఆపవు కదా నీ బాటేమిటో ఏ జంటకీ చూపవు కదా తెంచుకోనీవు పంచుకోనీవు ఇంత చెలగాటమా చెప్పుకోనీవు తప్పుకోనీవు నీకు ఇది న్యాయమా పేరులో ప్రణయమా తీరులో ప్రళయమా పంతమా బంధమా
చిత్రం : ఆనంద్ గానం : రాధాకృష్ణ,శ్రేయ ఘోశాల్ రచన : వేటూరి సంగీతం : కె.ఎమ్.రాధాకృష్ణన్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:57 AM 0 comments Thursday, November 29, 2007 ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదూ
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదూ
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా !!
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు
నాలోనే నువ్వు నాతోనే నువ్వు నా చుట్టూ నువ్వు నేనంతా నువ్వు నా పెదవిపైనా నువ్వు నా మెడ వొంపున నువ్వు నా గుండె మీద నువ్వు ఒళ్ళంతా నువ్వు బుగ్గల్లో నువ్వూ మొగ్గల్లే నువ్వు ముద్దేసే నువ్వూ నిద్దరలో నువ్వూ పొద్దుల్లో నువ్వు ప్రతి నిముషం నువ్వూ
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
నా వయసును వేధించే వెచ్చదనం నువ్వు నా మనసుని లాలించే చల్లదనం నువ్వు పైటే బరువనిపించే పచ్చిదనం నువ్వు బైట పడాలనిపించే పిచ్చిదనం నువ్వు నా ప్రతి యుద్ధం నువ్వు నా సైన్యం నువ్వు నా ప్రియ శతృవు నువ్వు నువ్వు మెత్తని ముల్లై గిల్లే తొలి చినుకే నువ్వు నచ్చే కష్టం నువ్వు నువ్వూ నువ్వూ......
నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
నా సిగ్గుని దోచుకొనే కౌగిలివే నువ్వు నావన్నీ దోచుకునే కొరికవే నువ్వు మునిపంటితో నను గిచ్చే నేరానివి నువ్వు నా నడుమును నడిపించే నేస్తానివి నువ్వు తీరని దాహం నువ్వు నా మోహం నువ్వు కమ్మని స్నేహం నువ్వు నువ్వూ తీయని గాయం చేసే అన్యాయం నువ్వు అయినా ఇష్టం నువ్వు నువ్వూ నువ్వూ...
నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
మైమరిపిస్తూ నువ్వు మురిపిస్తుంటే నువ్వు నే కోరుకునే నా మరో జన్మ నువ్వు కైపెక్కిస్తూ నువ్వు కవ్విస్తుంటే నువ్వు నాకే తెలియని నా కొత్త పేరు నువ్వు నా అందం నువ్వూ ఆనందం నువ్వు నేనంటే నువ్వు నా పంతం నువ్వు నా సొంతం నువ్వు నా అంతం నువ్వూ
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
చిత్రం : ఖడ్గం గానం : సుమంగళి సంగీతం : దేవిశ్రీప్రసాద్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 3:06 AM 0 comments Friday, August 8, 2008 గుండెల్లో ఏముందో ...
గుండెల్లో ఎముందో కళ్ళల్లో తెలుస్తుంది పెదవుల్లో ఈ మౌనం నీ పేరే పిలుస్తోంది నిలవదు కద హృదయం నువు ఎదురుగ నిలబడితే కదలదు కద సమయం' నీ అలికిడి నినకుంటే కలవరమో తొలివరమో తెలియని తరుణమిది ll గుండెల్లో ll మనసా మనసా మనాసా ఓ మనసా..!
పువ్వులో లేనిది నీ నవ్వులో ఉన్నది నువ్వు ఇపుడన్నది నేనెప్పుడూ విననిది నినిలా హ్చూసి పయనించి వెన్నెలే చిన్నబోతోంది కన్నులే దాటి కలలన్నీ ఎదురుగా వచ్చినట్టుంది ఏమో. ఇదంతా..నిజంగా కలలాగే ఉంది. ll గుండెల్లో ll
ఎందుకో తెలియని కంగారు పుడుతున్నది ఎక్కడా జరగని వింతేమి కాదే ఇది పరిమళం వెంట పయనించే పరుగు తడబాటు పడుతోంది పరిణయం దాక నడిపించీ పరిచయం తోడు కోరింది దూరం తలొంచే ముహూర్తం ఇంకెప్పుడొస్తుంది! ll గుండెల్లో ll
మనసా.. మనసా.. మనసా ఓ మనసా..!
చిత్రం : మన్మధుడు గానం: వేణు, సుమంగళీ రచన: సిరివెన్నెల సంగీతం :దేవిశ్రీ ప్రసాద్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 1:30 AM 0 comments Monday, February 19, 2007 బొమ్మను గీస్తే బొమ్మను గీస్తే నీలా ఉంది దగ్గరకొచ్చి ఓ ముద్దిమ్మంది సర్లేపాపం అని దగ్గరకెల్తే దాని మనసే నీలో ఉందంది ఆ ముద్దేదో నీకే ఇమ్మంది సరసాలాడే వయసొచ్చింది సరదా పడితే తప్పేముంది ఇవ్వాలని నాకూ ఉంది కాని సిగ్గే నన్ను ఆపింది దానికి సమయం వేరే ఉందంది
చలిగాలి అంది చెలికి వొణుకే పుడుతుంది వెచ్చని కౌగిలిగా నిన్ను అల్లుకుపొమ్మంది చలినే తరిమేసే ఆ కిటుకే తెలుసండీ శ్రమ పడిపోకండి తమ సాయం ఉందంది పొమ్మంతావే బాలికా ఉంటానంటే తోడుగా అబ్బో యెంత జాలిరా తమరికి నామీదా యేం చెయ్యాలమ్మ నీలో ఎదో దాగుంది నీ వైపే నన్నే లాగింది
అందంగా ఉంది తన వెంటే పదిమంది పడకుండా చూడు అని నా మనసంటుంది తమకే తెలియంది నా తోడై ఒకటుంది మరెవరో కాదండి నా నీడేనండి నీతో నడిచి దానికి అలుపొస్తుందే జానకి హయ్యొ అలక దేనికి నా నీడవు నువ్వేగా ఈ మాట కోసం యెన్నాళ్ళుగా వేచుంది నా మనసు యెన్నో కలలు కంటుంది
బొమ్మను గీస్తే నీలా ఉంది దగ్గరకొచ్చి ఓ ముద్దిమ్మంది సర్లేపాపం అని దగ్గరకెల్తే దాని మనసే నీలో ఉందంది ఆ ముద్దేదో నీకే ఇమ్మంది సరసాలాడే వయసొచ్చింది సరదా పడితే తప్పేముంది ఇవ్వాలని నాకూ ఉంది కాని సిగ్గే నన్ను ఆపింది దానికి సమయం వేరే ఉందంది
చిత్రం : బొమ్మరిల్లు గానం :శ్రీనివాస్,గోపికాపూర్ణీమ రచన:భాస్కరభట్ల సంగీతం:దేవిశ్రీ ప్రసాద్
ఏవ్వరు లేని ఒంటరి జీవికి తోడు దొరికిందనీ అందరు ఉన్నా ఆప్తుడు నువ్వై చెరువయ్యావనీ జన్మకు తరగని అనురాగాన్ని పంచుతున్నావనీ జన్మలు చాలని అనుబందాన్ని పెంచుతున్నావనీ
శ్వాస తో శ్వాసే చెప్పెను మనసు తో మనసే చెప్పెను ప్రశ్న తో బదులే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
యేనాటి బంధం ... మదిలో ఆనందం... నుదుటి రాత అనుకో ..... నీ వెంటే నేను .. సరి నా వెంటే నీవు.... విడని తోడు అనుకో ........... పసి మనసులన్నీ ఈ వేళ..... ఒకటైనదేమో అది నీ లీలా.........
చీకటి పోని..... వెలుగంతా రానీ.... మనవి ఒక్కటననీ ....... ఓ ఓ ... ఆడిందే ఆట ... మేం పాడిందే పాట..... ఒట్టేసి అన్న మాట.... సెలయేటి పైన చిన్న వాన..... విడలేను నిన్ను ఓ క్షణమైనా . కలిసే ఉంటాము ... కలలే కంటాము ... కనులన్నీ కలల అలలే ...
అలలే పొంగేను వేగంగ అలుపే రాదంది ఈ గంగ దేహం నాదంటు... ప్రాణం మీదంటు... జననం మీతోనే..... మరణం మీ తోనే... యే ఏ ......... థ..రత్థ త...రత్థ... ఒహో ఒహో
చిత్రం : సంభవామి యుగే యుగే గానం : రాంకీ రచన : కృష్ణ చైతన్య సంగీతం : అనిల్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 5:30 AM 0 comments Saturday, August 23, 2008 నాలో ఊహలకు...
నాలో ఊహలకు నాలో ఊసులకు అడుగులు నేర్పావూ నాలో ఆశలకు నాలో కాంతులకు నడకలు నేర్పావూ పరుగులుగా.. పరుగులుగా అవే ఇలా ఇవాళ నిన్నే చేరాయీ! II నాలో ఊహలకు II
ఆ.. ఆ... ఆ.. కళ్ళలో మెరుపులే గుండెలో ఉరుములే పెదవిలో పిడుగులో నవ్వులో వరదలే శ్వాసలోన పెనుతుఫానే ప్రళయమవుతోందిలా! II నాలో ఊహలకు II
మౌనమే విరుగుతూ బిడియమే ఒరుగుతూ మనసిలా మరుగుతూ అవధులే కరుగుతూ నిన్ను చూస్తూ. ఆవిరౌతూ.. అంతమవ్వాలనే.. II నాలో ఊహలకు II
చిత్రం : చందమామ గానం, ఆశా భోన్స్లే, కె.ఎం.రాధాకృష్ణన్ రచాన్ : అనంత శ్రీరాం సంగీతం : కె.ఎం. రాధాకృష్ణన్.
Posted by జ్యోతి at 5:44 AM 0 comments గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి.. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి .. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి ఎదలోతులో ఏ మూలనో నిదురించు జ్ఞాపకాలు నిద్రలేస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి .. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి ఈ గాలిలో ఏ మమతలో మా అమ్మ మాటలాగ పలకరిస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి.. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి...
మొదట చూసిన టూరింగ్ సినిమా మొదట మొక్కిన దేవుని ప్రతిమ రేగు పళ్ళకై పట్టిన కుస్తీ రాగి చెంబుతో చేసిన ఇస్త్రీ కోతి కొమ్మలో బెణికిన కాలు మేక పొదుగులో తాగిన పాలు దొంగచాటుగా కాల్చిన బీడి సుబ్బుగాడిపై చెప్పిన చాడీ మోట బావిలో మిత్రుని మరణం ఏకధాటిగా ఏడ్చిన తరుణం గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి.. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి
మొదటిసారిగా గీసిన మీసం మెదట వేసిన ద్రౌపది వేషం నెలపరీక్షలో వచ్చిన సున్న గోడ కుర్చీ వేయించిన నాన్న పంచుకున్న ఆ పిప్పరమెంటు పీరు సాయిబు పూసిన సెంటు చెడుగుడాటలో గెలిచిన కప్పు షావుకారుకెగవేసిన అప్పు మొదటి ముద్దులో తెలియనితనము మొదటి ప్రేమలో తియ్యందనము
చిత్రం : నా ఆటోగ్రాఫ్ గానం : కె. కె. రచన : చంద్రబోస్ సంగీతం : ఎం.ఎం.కీరవాణి
Gurtukostunnayi......
Posted by జ్యోతి at 4:22 AM 0 comments Tuesday, May 8, 2007 హొయ్నా ఓలియొ ఓలియొ హొరెత్తాలే గోదారి ఎల్లువై తుల్లాబిలా గట్టుజారి ఓలియొ ఓలియొ ఊరేగాలే సింగారి ఇంతకి యాడుందే అత్తింటి దారి..
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ రాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో పూసేటి పూలా గంధాలతో మంచు తాకి కోయిల మౌనమైన వేళల ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
వయస్సులో వసంతమే ఉషస్సులా జ్వలించగా మనస్సులో నిరాశలే రచించెలే మరీచికా పదాల రాయగా స్వరాల సంపద తరాల నా కధ క్షణాలదే కదా గతించి పోవు గాధనేనని ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ రాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో
శుకాలతో పికాలతో ధ్వనించిన మధోదయం దివి భువి కలా నిజం స్పృశించిన మహోదయం మరో ప్రపంచమే మరింత చేరువై నివాళి కోరినా ఉగాది వేళలో గతించి పోని గాధ నేనని
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ రాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో పూసేటి పూలా గంధాలతో మంచు తాకి కోయిల మౌనమైన వేళల ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
అవి పెదవులు కావు కెంజాయ రంగును అలుముకుని ఎక్కుపెట్టిన హరివిల్లులు అవి నవ్వులు కావు నా హృదయంలో తీయగా వీచే మన్మధ శరాలు అవి మాటలు కావు ఎన్నటికీ తరగని శరపరంపరను నిక్షిప్త పరుచుకున్న అమ్ములపొదులు అవి చూపులు కావు నా ఎదను ప్రేమగా కోస్తున్న కరవాలాలు అవి నడకలు కావు హిమవన్నగము నుండి జాలువారిన జలపాతాల హొయలు అవి అడుగుల చప్పుళ్ళు కావు నా మదిలో సమ్మోహన రాగాలు పలికిన భూపాల రాగాలు ఒక మేఘం .. మధ్యకు చీలితే కనిపించే నీలిరంగుల ఆకాశమే .. ఆమె పాపిట.
దట్టమైన మేఘాలే ఆమే కురులు దశమినాటి జాబిలి లాంటి నుదురు ఆ మధ్య కస్తూరీ తిలకం కళ్ళు కలువలు ముక్కు సంపెంగ పెదవి పగడం వెరసి…. ఆమె ఆ బ్రహ్మ సృష్టించిన మెరుపుతీగ.. ఆమె …ఆమె……
రచన : మాదవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:53 AM 0 comments నా ప్రాణం...
అదే చిరునవ్వు… అదే చిరునవ్వు…. రెండు గులాబీలపై మల్లెమొగ్గ అలవోకగా వాలినట్లు మేఘమాల కౌగిలినుండి బాలభానుడు బయటపడినట్లు నవమి నాటి నెలవంక ఆకృతి సంతరించుకున్నట్లు నీ దగ్గర నా హృదయం కుశలమేనన్నట్లు..
నువ్వంటే నా ఆశా దీపం నువ్వంటే నా కవితా రూపం నువ్వంటే నాలోని నిగూఢ తేజం నువ్వంటే మమతల మణిహారం నువ్వంటే సొగసుల కావ్యం నువ్వంటే అందని దూరం నువ్వంటే ఓ మధుర జ్ఞాపకం నువ్వంటే వలపుల విరిబాణం నువ్వంటే నువ్వంటే నా ప్రాణం..
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:21 AM 0 comments తొలి ప్రేమ…
అప్పుడే మాటలు నేర్చిన చిన్నారి పలుకులు పొడి నేలపై కురిసిన వర్శం చినుకులు అడవిలో నెమళి అందమైన నడకలు అమ్మచేతిలోని అమృతం మెతుకులు రాయలేము ఏ కవితలు చెప్పలేము ఏ మాటలు పాడలేము ఏ పాటలు….
పిల్లగాలి వీచినా నీ ఊసులే చల్లగాలి తాకినా నీ బాసలే చెట్టు కొమ్మ కదిలినా నీ శ్వాసలే కనులు తెరిచి నిలుచున్నా కనులు మూసి నిదురించినా కనులలోన నీ రూపే కలలోనా నీ ధ్యాసే ప్రతి నిముషం నీ పేరు తలవనంటే నమ్మరు ఎవరూ..
నిన్ను చూసిన ఆ నిముషం మనసంతా సంతోషం ఎద నిండా ఉత్సాహం నిజంగా నిను చూసిన ఆ తొలి క్షణం నేను కనురెప్ప కొట్టలేదు నా మనసుకు ఏదీ తట్టలేదు నేను ఆ రోజు అన్నం ముట్టలేదు నా కంటికి ఏదీ గిట్టలేదు నా శ్వాస నను తట్టలేదు ఐనా నా మనసు నను తిట్టలేదు ఒట్టు!! ఇది ప్రేమ అని నాకు ఎవరూ చెప్పలేదు...
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:12 AM 0 comments కన్నీటి చుక్క…
కంటి కొనల నిలిచిన కన్నీటి చుక్క సంద్రమౌతుంది… అణువే కదా అని వదిలేస్తే స్మృతి అనంతమౌతుంది,,, ఆకాశమౌతుంది…
ఆలోచన ప్రవాహమైతే దానికి అడ్డం అదుపూ నీవే బాధపెడుతున్న గాయానికి ఓదారుస్తున్న స్నేహానివి నీవే…
ఉబికివస్తున్న కన్నీరు సైతం నీ జ్ఞాపకాలనే మోసుకువస్తుంది చెలి చేసిన గాయానికి నా ప్రణయ విపంచి మూగవోయింది….
కలల మబ్బు దొంతరలను తొలగించేంతలో నీవు రాగమంజరివై నా కోసమే అరుదెంచిన వసంతానివై ఎదురువస్తావు నిను చూసిన నా భావప్రకంపనలు ఏమని చెప్పను?
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 8:59 AM 0 comments ప్రియా…..
నీలిమేఘాల చాటునుంచి శరత్ పూర్ణిమలా నాటి జాబిలమ్మ కొద్ది కొద్దిగా కనిపిస్తే నీ తొలిచూపు జ్ఞాపకం…
నీరెండ పడి లేత ఆకు మీద మంచు బిందువు తళుక్కున మెరిస్తే నీ నవ్వు జ్ఞాపకం…..
అల్లరి తుమ్మెద అలవోకగా పువ్వుపై వాలితే నీ ముద్దు జ్ఞాపకం….
సంధ్యకాల పిల్లగాలి హాయిగొలిపితే నీ స్పర్శ జ్ఞాపకం…
పాలబుగ్గల పసివాడు అమ్మవొడిలో ముద్దుగా ఒదిగితే నీ ప్రేమ జ్ఞాపకం….
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 8:37 AM 0 comments Tuesday, October 23, 2007 ప్రేమా ..నీ చిరునామా ...
ప్రేమంటే చిరుగాలి అలలమీద రాసుకున్న చిరునవ్వుల గీతం రాత్రి పగలు మరిచి నిద్రాహారాలు విడిచి దీక్షగా గీసుకున్న చిత్రం.
నీవు తలుచుకుంటే నీ జ్ఞాపకాన్ని నేను నీవు మలుచుకుంటే నీ రూపాన్ని నేను
నీవు ఆలపించుకుంటే నీ రాగాన్ని,పల్లవినీ నేను నీవు ఆనందిస్తే నీ దరహాసాన్ని నేను
నీవు రాసుకుంటే నీ భావాన్ని నేను నీవు రాసుకుంటే నీ భావాన్ని నేను
నీవు రమ్మంటే నీ దాసుడిని నేను నీవు మర్చిపోతే నీ స్మృతిని నేను
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 12:47 AM 0 comments Monday, July 23, 2007 ఓ ప్రియా!!!
కొన్ని జ్ఞాపకాలు తెరమరుగు కావు కొన్ని అనుభూతులు నిదురే పొనీవు
కళ్ళు మూసి పడుకునే వేళ కళ్ళ ముందు ప్రత్యక్షమవుతావు
నువ్వు పరిచయమయ్యాక యెన్ని నిదురలేని రాత్రులు గడిపానో నా అలసిన కళ్ళకు తెలుసు
అసలు నువ్వంటే నాకు యెందుకింత ఇష్టం ఎంత ఆలోచించినా సమాధానం లేని ప్రశ్నగానే ఉంది ...........
నీ పెదవులపై చిరునవ్వుని మళ్ళీ మళ్ళీ చూడాలని నువ్వు పిలవగానే వస్తాను పరుగు పరుగున...
నీ మధుర స్పర్శకై నా ఊహల రెక్కలపై ఊరేగుతూ నీ చెంత వాలిపోతాను
మన మధ్య ఉన్నది ఆకర్శన అనుకుంటే అది నాకు దురదృష్టం
నాలాగే నీ హృదయం స్పందిస్తే అది నా అదృష్టం
రచన : శ్రీరామ్ poet@yahoo.com
Posted by జ్యోతి at 10:27 PM 1 comments Saturday, June 30, 2007 ప్రియతమా... నీ ఛూపులో వుంది ప్రేమామృతం.. నీ నవ్వులో వుంది గానం నీ మాటలే వేదం నీ నడకలో నృత్యం.
ప్రేమ లో యెంత వేదనా దానిని సాధించాలని యెంతో తపన విఫలమవుతుంది అని యెందుకంత ఆవేదన కాక పోతే యెందుకంత ఆరాధన...
నీవే నా సర్వస్వం అని నీవే నా ప్రాణం అని నీవే నా లోకం అని కలలలో విహరించా నా సర్వం నువ్వు అవుతావా కాలేవు కదా
నాకు ప్రేమించాలి అని వుంది అభిమానించాలి అని వుంది గౌరవించాలి అని వుంది ఆరాదించాలి అని వుంది కాని..... నీ అనుమతి లేనిదే నేను యేమి చెయ్యలేను కద
ప్రేమకి పునాది ఆరాధన నీ నవ్వులో నన్ను చూసుకొవాలని ఊహల ఉప్పెనలో కొట్టుకుంటున్నాను
నీవు కనిపిస్తే నోట మాట రాక చలనం లేని శిలనై పోతాను నీ ఒడిలో వాలి ఈ ప్రపంచాన్నే మరిచిపొవాలన్న నాకోరిక యెనాడు తీరెనో
చల్లగాలి మెల్లగా నరాల స్వరాలు మీటుతుండగా మనసులో ఆవిరి ఊహలు ఊయలలూగుతుండగా నీ ధ్యాస మనసు తలుపు తట్టగా యేదో తెలియని ఆనందం అనుభవిస్తుంది ఈ చిన్ని మనసు
జగత్తు మొత్తం నిదుర పోయే వేళ కలల కోసం నిరీక్షిస్తాను ఆ కలలొ ఐన మనం యేకమవ్వలని
Bob was in trouble. He forgot his wedding anniversary. His wife was really pissed.
She told him "Tomorrow morning, I expect to find a gift in the driveway that goes from 0 to 200 in 6 seconds AND IT BETTER BE THERE !!"
The next morning he got up early and left for work. When his wife woke up, she looked out the window and sure enough there was a box gift-wrapped in the middle of the driveway.
Confused, the wife put on her robe and ran out to the driveway, brought the box back in the house.
She opened it and found a brand new bathroom scale.
Birds and Bees A mother is in the kitchen making dinner for her family when her daughter walks in.
“Mother, where do babies come from?”
The mother thinks for a few seconds and says, “Well dear, Mommy and Daddy fall in love and get married. One night they go into their bedroom, they kiss and hug and have sex.”
The daughter looks puzzled so the mother continues, “That means the daddy puts his penis in the mommy’s vagina. That’s how you get a baby, honey.” The child seems to comprehend.
“Oh, I see, but the other night when I came into your room you had daddy’s penis in your mouth. What do you get when you do that?”
Lion Tamer wo unemployed guys are talking. One says, "I'm going to become a lion tamer."
The other replies, "That's crazy, you don't know nothing about no lion taming."
"Yes I do!"
"Well, OK, answer me this. When one of those lions comes at you all roaring and biting, what you gonna do?"
"Well, then I take that big chair they all carry, and I stick it in his face until he backs down."
"Well, what if the lion takes that big paw, and hooks the chair with them big claws, and throws that chair out of the cage? What do you do then?"
"Well, then I takes that whip they all carry, and I whip him and whip him until he backs down."
"Well, what if that lion bites that whip with his big teeth, and bites it in two? What you gonna do then?"
"Well, then I take that gun they all carry, and I shoot him."
"Well, what if that gun doesn't work? What will you do then?"
"Well, then I pick up some of the shit that's on the bottom of the cage, and I throw it in his eyes, and I run out of the cage."
"Well, what if there ain't no shit in the bottom of the cage? What you gonna do then?"
"Well, that's dumb. Cause if that lion comes at me, and he throws the chair out of the cage, and he bites the whip in two, and my gun don't work, there's going to be some shit on the bottom of that cage, you can bet on that."
The bride tells her husband The bride tells her husband, "Honey, you know I'm a virgin and I don't know anything about sex. Can you explain it to me first?"
"OK, Sweetheart. Putting it simply, we will call your private place 'the prison' and call my private thing 'the prisoner'. So what we do is: put the prisoner in the prison.
And then they made love for the first time.
Afterwards, the guy is lying face up on the bed, smiling with satisfaction.
Nudging him, his bride giggles, "Honey the prisoner seems to have escaped."
Turning on his side, he smiles. "Then we will have to re-imprison him."
After the second time they spent, the guy reaches for his cigarettes but the girl, thoroughly enjoying the new experience of making love, gives him a suggestive smile, "Honey, the prisoner is out again!"
The man rises to the occasion, but with the unsteady legs of a recently born foal.
Afterwards, he lays back on the bed, totally exhausted.
She nudges him and says, "Honey, the prisoner escaped again."
Limply turning his head, He YELLS at her, "Hey, its not a life sentence, OKAY!
When a solution of solid in liquid is heated, the liquid will evaporates. The hot vapor that formed can de condensed back to liquid again on a cold surface. We called this method DISTILLATION. Distillation is used for separating a solvent from a solution. We called the liquid collected a distillate.
Evaporation + Condensation = DISTILLATION
A way is to recover water from a salt solution. The solution is heated and the stream is to be condensed back to water. The solute and solvent can both be collected.
Before heating, there are a few very small pieces of pumice stone (antibumping granules) added into the solution. This is used to ensure even boiling. Otherwise, the solution might become so vigorously agitated which some of it might spurt into the collecting vessel before vaporization.
The bulb of the thermometer is to be placed above the liquid surface. In order to record the temperature of the vapor distilled over and collected. In this case, it will provide the boiling point.
Another set-up for distillation uses a condenser. This set-up condenses the steam even more efficiently. The condenser consists of two tubes, one inside the other. Cool water will pass through the outer tube and steam from the solution will pass through the inner tube.
The water supply enters the condenser at the lower opening, leaving the upper opening to get a better cooling effect.
We cannot separate a mixture which is a solution using filtration or centrifugation. Since it is spread all through the solvent in tiny particles. The solution is heated so that the solvent evaporates, and just leave the solid behind. The diagram below show by using this method, salt can be obtained from its solution. Only solute can be obtained, and solvent will evaporate away in the process of EVAPORATION.
This is a method which is the most especially effective for separating suspensions, for example mud in water. We pour the mixture into a funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper. There are tiny holes in the filter paper for the liquid to pass through, the solid particles are too large to do so, therefore the solid particles will stay on the paper as what we called a solid residue. We called the liquid which pass through the FILTRATE.
There are two ways of folding the filter paper for the filtration:
Fold the paper in half along one diameter then in quarters.
Fold a fluted filter paper. Fold the paper in half, then open out, after that fold in the same director at a right angles to the original. Fold the paper two more times, the folds being all the same direction and mutually at around 45 degrees. Each section will then individually folded in the opposite direction. As result is a 'FLUTED' which sixteen faces will be produced. It provide a faster rate of filtration. FILTRATION is widely used in industry. Beer is separated from its sediment.
Tap water has also been filtered through filter beds to remove solid impurities.
It is a process of forming crystals. It is also a method for separating dissolved solids from a solution.
Two common techniques of Crystallization are:
By cooling down a hot concentrated solution. The solution has to be heated to get rid of some water in order to obtain crystals from an unsaturated aqueous solution. The solution becomes more concentrated as the water boils away. The solvent cannot hold all the dissolved solids when concentrated solution is cools and is hot. The reason for this is because a hot solvent dissolve more solutes than cold solvent. Then the extra solids will be separated out as crystals.
We can check the solution is concentrated enough by placing one drop of it on a microscopic slide by using a glass rod. If the solution is concentrated enough, crystals should form. Slow evaporation of solution at room temperature. Crystals can be obtained by evaporating a solution at room temperature. After the solvent in the solution has been evaporates, the remaining solution will becomes more and more concentrated. Then it will becomes saturated. Further evaporation makes the extra solids separate out as crystals. It may take several days or maybe even weeks for crystals to form because evaporation of a solution at room temperature is a slow process. Note that the beaker is covered with a piece of filter paper with holes on it in the below diagram. The used of the filter paper is to prevent dust and dirt from getting into the solution. Otherwise the crystals formed might be very small. Crystals formed by slow cooling or evaporation are large. For those which formed quickly are usually small. It is because solute particle need time to arrange themselves in regular shapes in order to form crystals.After crystallization, crystals can then be separated from the solution by using filtration. Use cold distilled water to wash the crystals two or three times after filtration. Collect the crystals with a spatula and dry them by pressing it gently between filter papers. PURIFYING SOLID BY CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization can be used to purify solids as well. Assume a sample of cane sugar contains a small amount of glucose as impurities. They are both soluble in water. Pure cane sugar can be crystallized and removed from the solution. In the solution, glucose will remain dissolved.
Some solids can change to vapor state without melting when heated. We called it SUBLIMATION. When the vapor is cooled, the solid forms again. We often use sublimation to separate a mixture of two solids in which one sublimes, but the other does not. For example, iodine from a mixture of sand and iodine by sublimation. When heated, only iodine changes to vapor. The vapor changes back to solid on the side of the funnel.
An inverted test tube is placed over if too much vapor is escaping from funnel.
Substances which sublime include anhydrous aluminum chloride, iodine and benzoic acid, anhydrous iron (III) chloride and anhydrous aluminum chloride.
Miscible liquids are much more difficult to separate. Mixtures of miscible liquids can be separated by fractional distillation. It will provide the boiling points of the liquids are not too close.
If we want to separate a mixture of ethanol and water. The diagram below is suitable for this process. The fractionating column is packed with glass bead. It provides a large surface area for vaporization and condensation of the liquid mixture.
Ethanol is more volatile than water, since it has a lower boiling point (78oC). The vapor rises up the fractionating column when the mixture is heated. Because ethanol is more volatile, the vapor contains more ethanol. The hot vapor condenses upon touching the cold glass beads. There is a continuos rise of hot vapor up the fractionating column at the same time. Hot vapor will make the condensed vapor boils again. It will contain more and more ethanol as the vapor rises up to the fractionating column.
The above process is to be repeated many times before the vapor consists only pure ethanol. During the process the escaping vapor is measured by a thermometer of the fractionating column. The temperature will remain steady for some time and will then rise quickly and become pure ethanol.
When the ethanol has boiled off completely, the escaping vapor will consist of pure water only .
Generally, for fractional distillation to work best,the difference in boiling points of liquids in the mixture should be greater than 10C. The separation will not be complete if it is not.
Fractional distillation is used in industry to separate oxygen and nitrogen from liquid air. In whisky production it is used to increase ethanol.
Centrifugation is used when we want to separate small amounts of suspension. The suspension of solid in liquid is poured into a centrifuge tube, then spin around very fast in a centrifuge. The spinning motion forces the solid to the bottom of the tube. Then the liquid can be poured off from the solid.
Centrifugation is commonly used in dairies to separate milk from cream to make skimmed milk. It is possible because milk has less density than cream.
The idea of centrifugation is applied in washing machine for drying clothes. There are many small holes in the washing drum in a washing machine. After the washing is completed, the washing will then rotate at high speed, this will forces the water on the wet clothes out through all the small holes.
Decantation is a very quick method for separating a mixture of a liquid and a heavier solid.
If we want to separate a mixture of water and same, First, we should allow the sand to settle on the bottom of the container. Then we poured off the water at the top.
The advantage of this method is quick, but there is a disadvantage of this method which is rough. It cannot be used to separate a mixture of a liquid and a light sold, such as chalk in water. The particles of chalk are suspended in the water. They are so light that they do not sink down to the bottom for a long time.
When we do an experiment, we often end up with a mixture of substances rather than just one. We must know how to separate the mixtures.
A single substance that has no other substances mixing with it is called a PURE SUBSTANCE. If there is something else mixed with it, it is a mixture.
SOLID/LIQUID MIXTURES
The mixture of dissolved salts in water is an example of a solid/liquid mixture. The mixture is clear and no salt can be seen. We called this sort of mixture a solution. The solid which dissolves, such as salt, is called the solute. The liquid that solute dissolves, such as water, is called the solvent. Solids such as sugar and salt that dissolve are describe as soluble. Solids such as mud and coin which do not dissolve are described as insoluble.
SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION
We often say that a solution that contains a little solute in a given amount of solvent is dilute. We called a solution contains a lot of solute in a given amount of solvent CONCENTRATED.
We called a solution SATURATED when it can dissolved all the solute. Usually cold solvents dissolve less solute than hot solvents.
A saturated solution is a solution which has dissolved all the solute, at a given temperature.
An aqueous is to describe water when it is used as a solvent. Water is the most common solvent, however the are many other solvents which we used in industry and around houses. They are all needed to dissolve substances that cannot be dissolve in water.
SUSPENSIONS
Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a cup of PURE water and a cup of salt in water mixture just by looking, but there are times we can easily recognize a mixture. For example, By looking at the chalk in water in the diagram below. We can see there are white specks in the water, since chalk cannot dissolve in water. The particles of chalk are suspended in water. They are so light which they will not sink. We called this sort of mixture a suspension. Insoluble solid particles are suspended throughout the liquid in the process of suspension. They are in groups that they are large enough for us to see.
LIQUID/LIQUID MIXTURES
We used to word MISCIBLE when liquids mix together completely in order to form one single liquid. We called those liquids which cannot mix together completely IMMISCIBLE. Oil and water form two separate layers when they are mixed.
The reason which we need to pure substance is because in Chemistry, pure substances are needed to produce drugs or perform experiments in the laboratory. However, most substances obtained from nature are mixtures. Therefore these mixtures need to be separated and purified before we can use them.
METHODS of PURIFICATION and SEPARATION
Purification and separation of substances are very important techniques in Chemistry. Some of the common methods of purification and separation are explained in the other sections.
In paper chromatography, there are two factors which the movement of each substance in the mixture need to depends on.
The solubility of the substance in the solvent. The substance moves with the solvent easily if the substance is very soluble in the solvent.
The adsorption of the substance on the filter paper. Some solids are able to attract other substance strongly and hold them on their surface. This is called ADSORPTION. The substance will not move with the solvent easily if the substance in the mixture is absorbed strongly by the filter paper. Since none of the two substances have the same adsorption and solubility, each substance will travel a different distance along the filter paper. One substance is separated from another in this way.
The substances separated by chromatography do not have to be colored. Colorless substance can be made to show up by spraying the paper with a locating agent. Then reacts with each of the colorless substances in order to produce a colored product.
We often used chromatography to identify the substances in a mixture. It is commonly used in hospital. It help doctors to find out whether the patient has diabetes, if paper chromatography might fund out whether sugar is present in the patient's urine.
Chromatography can also used to identify different dyes used in food.
ADSORPTION
We called the solids which are able to attract other substances strongly and hold them on their surface ADSORBENTS.
We can determine the melting point of a solid by putting some of the dry solids into a capillary tube. Then the tube is to be attached to the bulb of a thermometer. The thermometer together with a stirrer are placed in a test tube of water and then heated gently. When the solid melts, record down the temperature.
The pure solid have sharper melting points. This means they melt within narrow temperature range less than 0.5 C. Solids which are impure do not have a sharp melting points. Therefore they melt over a wide temperature range.
We often used water bath to determine the melting point of a solid. An oil bath will be used if a water bath is not hot enough to melt solid which has a melting point above 90 degree Celsius.
We can put the liquid into a test tube fitted with a thermometer to determine the boiling point of a liquid that does not catch fire easily. Add some anthibumping graniles and heat the liquid gently until it boils and record down the boiling point.
Distillation is defined as: a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat.
Distillation is based on the fact that the vapour of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.
Therefore, when this vapour is cooled and condensed, the condensate will contain more volatile components. At the same time, the original mixture will contain more of the less volatile material.
Distillation columns are designed to achieve this separation efficiently.
Although many people have a fair idea what “distillation” means, the important aspects that seem to be missed from the manufacturing point of view are that:
distillation is the most common separation technique it consumes enormous amounts of energy, both in terms of cooling and heating requirements it can contribute to more than 50% of plant operating costs
The best way to reduce operating costs of existing units, is to improve their efficiency and operation via process optimisation and control. To achieve this improvement, a thorough understanding of distillation principles and how distillation systems are designed is essential.
DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES Separation of components from a liquid mixture via distillation depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual components. Also, depending on the concentrations of the components present, the liquid mixture will have different boiling point characteristics. Therefore, distillation processes depends on the vapour pressure characteristics of liquid mixtures. Vapour Pressure and Boiling
The vapour pressure of a liquid at a particular temperature is the equilibrium pressure exerted by molecules leaving and entering the liquid surface. Here are some important points regarding vapour pressure: energy input raises vapour pressure vapour pressure is related to boiling a liquid is said to ‘boil’ when its vapour pressure equals the surrounding pressure the ease with which a liquid boils depends on its volatility liquids with high vapour pressures (volatile liquids) will boil at lower temperatures the vapour pressure and hence the boiling point of a liquid mixture depends on the relative amounts of the components in the mixture distillation occurs because of the differences in the volatility of the components in the liquid mixture The Boiling Point Diagram
The boiling point diagram shows how the equilibrium compositions of the components in a liquid mixture vary with temperature at a fixed pressure. Consider an example of a liquid mixture containing 2 components (A and B) - a binary mixture. This has the following boiling point diagram. The boiling point of A is that at which the mole fraction of A is 1. The boiling point of B is that at which the mole fraction of A is 0. In this example, A is the more volatile component and therefore has a lower boiling point than B. The upper curve in the diagram is called the dew-point curve while the lower one is called the bubble-point curve.
The dew-point is the temperature at which the saturated vapour starts to condense.
The bubble-point is the temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.
The region above the dew-point curve shows the equilibrium composition of the superheated vapour while the region below the bubble-point curve shows the equilibrium composition of the subcooled liquid.
For example, when a subcooled liquid with mole fraction of A=0.4 (point A) is heated, its concentration remains constant until it reaches the bubble-point (point B), when it starts to boil. The vapours evolved during the boiling has the equilibrium composition given by point C, approximately 0.8 mole fraction A. This is approximately 50% richer in A than the original liquid.
This difference between liquid and vapour compositions is the basis for distillation operations.
Relative Volatility
Relative volatility is a measure of the differences in volatility between 2 components, and hence their boiling points. It indicates how easy or difficult a particular separation will be. The relative volatility of component ‘i’ with respect to component ‘j’ is defined as
yi = mole fraction of component ‘i’ in the vapour
xi = mole fraction of component ‘i’ in the liquid
Thus if the relative volatility between 2 components is very close to one, it is an indication that they have very similar vapour pressure characteristics. This means that they have very similar boiling points and therefore, it will be difficult to separate the two components via distillation.
VAPOUR LIQUID EQUILIBRIA Distillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the components in the mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation columns are determined by the vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the mixtures. Vapour-Liquid-Equilibrium (VLE) Curves
Constant pressure VLE data is obtained from boiling point diagrams. VLE data of binary mixtures is often presented as a plot, as shown in the figure on the right. The VLE plot expresses the bubble-point and the dew-point of a binary mixture at constant pressure. The curved line is called the equilibrium line and describes the compositions of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium at some fixed pressure. This particular VLE plot shows a binary mixture that has a uniform vapour-liquid equilibrium that is relatively easy to separate. The next two VLE plots below on the other hand, shows non-ideal systems which will present more difficult separations. We can tell from the shapes of the curves and this will be explained further later on.
The most intriguing VLE curves are generated by azeotropic systems. An azeotrope is a liquid mixture which when vaporised, produces the same composition as the liquid. The two VLE plots below, show two different azeotropic systems, one with a minimum boiling point and one with a maximum boiling point. In both plots, the equilibrium curves cross the diagonal lines, and this are azeotropic points where the azeotropes occur. In other words azeotropic systems give rise to VLE plots where the equilibrium curves crosses the diagonals.
Note the shapes of the respective equilibrium lines in relation to the diagonal lines that bisect the VLE plots.
Both plots are however, obtained from homogenous azeotropic systems. An azeotrope that contains one liquid phase in contact with vapour is called a homogenous azeotrope. A homogenous azeotrope cannot be separated by conventional distillation. However, vacumn distillation may be used as the lower pressures can shift the azeotropic point.Alternatively, an additional substance may added to shift the azeotropic point to a more ‘favourable’ position.
When this additional component appears in appreciable amounts at the top of the column, the operation is called azeotropic distillation. When the additional component appears mostly at the bottom of the column, the operation is called extractive distillation The VLE curve on the left is also generated by an azeotropic system, in this case a heterogenous azeotrope. Heterogenous azeotropes can be identified by the ‘flat’ portion on the equilibrium diagram. They may be separated in 2 distillation columns since these substances usually form two liquid phases with widely differing compositions. The phases may
DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN As mentioned, distillation columns are designed using VLE data for the mixtures to be separated. The vapour-liquid equilibrium characteristics (indicated by the shape of the equilibrium curve) of the mixture will determine the number of stages, and hence the number of trays, required for the separation. This is illustrated clearly by applying the McCabe-Thiele method to design a binary column. McCABE-THIELE DESIGN METHOD The McCabe-Thiele approach is a graphical one, and uses the VLE plot to determine the theoretical number of stages required to effect the separation of a binary mixture. It assumes constant molar overflow and this implies that: molal heats of vaporisation of the components are roughly the same heat effects (heats of solution, heat losses to and from column, etc.) are negligible for every mole of vapour condensed, 1 mole of liquid is vaporised The design procedure is simple. Given the VLE diagram of the binary mixture, operating lines are drawn first. Operating lines define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapour phases in the column. There is one operating line for the bottom (stripping) section of the column, and on for the top (rectification or enriching) section of the column. Use of the constant molar overflow assumption also ensures the the operating lines are straight lines. Operating Line for the Rectification Section The operating line for the rectification section is constructed as follows. First the desired top product composition is located on the VLE diagram, and a vertical line produced until it intersects the diagonal line that splits the VLE plot in half. A line with slope R/(R+1) is then drawn from this instersection point as shown in the diagram below.
R is the ratio of reflux flow (L) to distillate flow (D) and is called the reflux ratio and is a measure of how much of the material going up the top of the column is returned back to the column as reflux.
Operating Line for the Stripping Section The operating line for the stripping section is constructed in a similar manner. However, the starting point is the desired bottom product composition. A vertical line is drawn from this point to the diagonal line, and a line of slope Ls/Vs is drawn as illustrated in the diagram below.
Ls is the liquid rate down the stripping section of the column, while Vs is the vapour rate up the stripping section of the column. Thus the slope of the operating line for the stripping section is a ratio between the liquid and vapour flows in that part of the column.
Equilibrium and Operating Lines The McCabe-Thiele method assumes that the liquid on a tray and the vapour above it are in equilibrium. How this is related to the VLE plot and the operating lines is depicted graphically in the diagram on the right.
A magnified section of the operating line for the stripping section is shown in relation to the corresponding n'th stage in the column. L's are the liquid flows while V's are the vapour flows. x and y denote liquid and vapour compositions and the subscripts denote the origin of the flows or compositions. That is 'n-1' will mean from the stage below stage 'n' while 'n+1' will mean from the stage above stage 'n'. The liquid in stage 'n' and the vapour above it are in equilibrium, therefore, xn and yn lie on the equilibrium line. Since the vapour is carried to the tray above without changing composition, this is depicted as a horizontal line on the VLE plot. Its intersection with the operating line will give the composition of the liquid on tray 'n+1' as the operating line defines the material balance on the trays. The composition of the vapour above the 'n+1' tray is obtained from the intersection of the vertical line from this point to the equilibrium line.
Number of Stages and Trays Doing the graphical construction repeatedly will give rise to a number of 'corner' sections, and each section will be equivalent to a stage of the distillation. This is the basis of sizing distillation columns using the McCabe-Thiele graphical design methodology as shown in the following example. Given the operating lines for both stripping and rectification sections, the graphical construction described above was applied. This particular example shows that 7 theoretical stages are required to achieve the desired separation. The required number of trays (as opposed to stages) is one less than the number of stages since the graphical construction includes the contribution of the reboiler in carrying out the separation.
The actual number of trays required is given by the formula:
(number of theoretical trays)/(tray efficiency) Typical values for tray efficiency ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 and depends on a number of factors, such as the type of trays being used, and internal liquid and vapour flow conditions. Sometimes, additional trays are added (up to 10%) to accomodate the possibility that the column may be under-designed.
The Feed Line (q-line) The diagram above also shows that the binary feed should be introduced at the 4'th stage. However, if the feed composition is such that it does not coincide with the intersection of the operating lines, this means that the feed is not a saturated liquid. The condition of the feed can be deduced by the slope of the feed line or q-line. The q-line is that drawn between the intersection of the operating lines, and where the feed composition lies on the diagonal line.
Depending on the state of the feed, the feed lines will have different slopes. For example,
q = 0 (saturated vapour) q = 1 (saturated liquid) 0 < q < 1 (mix of liquid and vapour) q > 1 (subcooled liquid) q < 0 (superheated vapour) The q-lines for the various feed conditions are shown in the diagram on the left.
Using Operating Lines and the Feed Line in McCabe-Thiele Design If we have information about the condition of the feed mixture, then we can construct the q-line and use it in the McCabe-Thiele design. However, excluding the equilibrium line, only two other pairs of lines can be used in the McCabe-Thiele procedure. These are: feed-line and rectification section operating line feed-line and stripping section operating line stripping and rectification operating lines This is because these pairs of lines determine the third.
[see Flash tutorial on Distillation Basics written by Jon Lee]
OVERALL COLUMN DESIGN Determining the number of stages required for the desired degree of separation and the location of the feed tray is merely the first steps in producing an overall distillation column design. Other things that need to be considered are tray spacings; column diameter; internal configurations; heating and cooling duties. All of these can lead to conflicting design parameters. Thus, distillation column design is often an iterative procedure. If the conflicts are not resolved at the design stage, then the column will not perform well in practice. The next set of notes will discuss the factors that can affect distillation column performance.
Every element can exist in three states: as a liquid, as a solid and as a vapor, which mostly depend on it's temperature. This applies to water, too. So, water can be found as ice, water and steam. If water is cooled down below 0 degrees Celsius (32 Fahrenheit), it becomes ice, and if heated above 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit), it becomes steam. The temperature, at which a substance changes it state from liquid to vapor is called a boiling point, and it is different for different substances. This difference can be used to separate substances, and as such can be used for water purification.
The process is relatively simple: a) the dirty water is heated b) to the boiling point and thus vaporizes c) (becomes steam), while other substances remain in solid state, in boiler. Steam is then directed into a cooler d) where it cools down and returns to liquid water e) and the end result is a water, purified of additional substances found in it before distillation.
Distillation is an effective process and, what's more important, it can be done with a lot of improvisation. You can heat water with whatever is at hand: fire, electricity, or whatever. You can use almost anything that holds water for a boiler, as long as you can direct the steam into a cooler. A cooler can be a long piece of copper tubing bent into a spiral. All you need is something that will just cool the steam down. In a worst case scenario, you can distill water with an ordinary household pot and two pot lids. Boil water in a pot covered with the first lid. After a while, you'll see that the water in the pot vaporizes, and condenses on the lid (this is distilled water). Now replace the lid with the second lid, and turn the first one vertically, so that all condensed water collects at one point, and then pour it into a cup. Meanwhile, more distilled water condenses on the second pot lid, so just repeat the above steps again... until you have a full cup.
Distillation will remove from water almost anything, even heavy metals, poisons, bacteria and viruses. However, it does not remove substances that have boiling points at a lower temperature than water. Some of these substances are oils, petroleum, alcohol and similar substances, which in most cases don't mix with water. Also, remember that substances removed from water remain in the boiler, so you'll need to clean it up every once in awhile.
Distilled water can be used directly and does not need to be boiled again. As it is already hot, you can use it to prepare tea, or similar drinks.
Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances; the vapour is then condensed in the water condenser and collected in the receiver.
The apparatus consists of a round-bottomed distilling flask bearing a stillhead connected to a water condenser (Liebig condenser). This is attached via a vented delivery bend to the receiver, also a round-bottomed flask. The stillhead has a thermometer adapter with a thermometer.
Notes:
the bulb of the thermometer is opposite the exit to the condenser. You want the temperature of the exit vapours since it is these that will condense. the delivery bend is vented so that when the apparatus is heated the joints aren't pushed apart by expanding gas. Never draw a closed apparatus. water goes in at the bottom of the condenser jacket and out at the top. note the structure of the condenser - the water jacket is separate from the tube down the middle!
Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of volatile liquids. The round-bottomed distillation flask is underneath the fractionating column, which bears a stillhead and a thermometer adaptor. The stillhead leads to the water condenser (Liebig condenser) which is connected to the receiver by a vented delivery bend.
The fractionating column can be filled with almost anything that gives it a large surface area - glass beads or spirals, bits of broken glass tubing, ceramic rings. Alternatively it can be made with glass spikes sticking inwards (Vigreux column), or contain a spiral that forces the vapour around a helter-skelter pathway (Dufton column).
If a mixture of liquids forms an azeotrope, then that mixture cannot be completely separated by fractional distillation. This is covered further in the pages on Raoult's Law.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Heating under reflux enables a mixture including volatile materials to be heated for a long time without loss of solvent. The system is designed to keep materials in the flask - it follows, therefore, that any apparatus attached to the top of the condenser is redundant. Notes:
The water goes in at the bottom of the condenser There must not be a stopper in the top of the condenser - the apparatus must not be sealed. There must not be a thermometer in the top of the condenser, partly for the same reason as above but also because it wouldn't measure the temperature of anything that mattered. The vapour doesn't get that far.
Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made. Chromatography is used to separate and identify all sorts of substances in police work. Drugs from narcotics to aspirin can be identified in urine and blood samples, often with the aid of chromatography.
For a printable version of this project, click here.
Materials • Paper coffee filters • One black permanent pen • Black water soluble pens • Container full of water • Several sheets of paper • Small glasses or plastic containers • Isopropyl rubbing alcohol* • Pencils • Tape • Scissors • Stapler
*Read and obey warnings on rubbing alcohol label.
Instructions
Part I - Separating Black Ink 1. Cut several coffee filters into long strips, one strip per pen. 2. Fold the end of each strip over then staple it to form a loop. 3. Place a dot of ink near the bottom of each strip. Use a pencil to identify which strip belongs to which pen.
4. Poke a pencil through one of the loops you just made. Use the pencil to suspend the strip in a small glass or container. 5. Carefully add water to the glass until it reaches the bottom of the paper strip just below the ink dot. Be sure the ink stays above the water and the paper stays in the water. 6. Allow the water to soak up the strip and watch what happens to the ink drop. 7. If the ink you are testing does not spread out, re-test it using rubbing alcohol. 8. Repeat this process for each strip and compare your results. 9. Let the strips dry and tape them on a sheet of paper as a record of the different pen types.
Part 2- Secret Note Challenge 1. Turn your back while someone uses one of the pens you just tested to write a secret note on a piece of coffee filter. 2. Cut out several individual letters from the note. 3. Staple each letter to the bottom of a strip of coffee filter. 4. Conduct the chromatography experiment above to determine which pen was used to write the secret note.
(Watch how the ink spreads up the paper. Compare it to your known samples of ink.)
What’s Happening Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colours. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colours behave differently, resulting in a sort of “rainbow” effect. Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. If the ink you are testing does not spread out using water, it may be “permanent” ink. In such cases, you will have to use a different solvent such as rubbing alcohol.
Introduction Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Have a look at this schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph:
The carrier gas must be chemically inert. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. The choice of carrier gas is often dependant upon the type of detector which is used. The carrier gas system also contains a molecular sieve to remove water and other impurities.
Sample injection port
For optimum column efficiency, the sample should not be too large, and should be introduced onto the column as a "plug" of vapour - slow injection of large samples causes band broadening and loss of resolution. The most common injection method is where a microsyringe is used to inject sample through a rubber septum into a flash vapouriser port at the head of the column. The temperature of the sample port is usually about 50°C higher than the boiling point of the least volatile component of the sample. For packed columns, sample size ranges from tenths of a microliter up to 20 microliters. Capillary columns, on the other hand, need much less sample, typically around 10-3 mL. For capillary GC, split/splitless injection is used. Have a look at this diagram of a split/splitless injector;
The injector can be used in one of two modes; split or splitless. The injector contains a heated chamber containing a glass liner into which the sample is injected through the septum. The carrier gas enters the chamber and can leave by three routes (when the injector is in split mode). The sample vapourises to form a mixture of carrier gas, vapourised solvent and vapourised solutes. A proportion of this mixture passes onto the column, but most exits through the split outlet. The septum purge outlet prevents septum bleed components from entering the column.
Columns
There are two general types of column, packed and capillary (also known as open tubular). Packed columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material (commonly based on diatomaceous earth) coated with liquid stationary phase. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 4mm.
Capillary columns have an internal diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter. They can be one of two types; wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) or support-coated open tubular (SCOT). Wall-coated columns consist of a capillary tube whose walls are coated with liquid stationary phase. In support-coated columns, the inner wall of the capillary is lined with a thin layer of support material such as diatomaceous earth, onto which the stationary phase has been adsorbed. SCOT columns are generally less efficient than WCOT columns. Both types of capillary column are more efficient than packed columns.
In 1979, a new type of WCOT column was devised - the Fused Silica Open Tubular (FSOT) column;
These have much thinner walls than the glass capillary columns, and are given strength by the polyimide coating. These columns are flexible and can be wound into coils. They have the advantages of physical strength, flexibility and low reactivity.
Column temperature
For precise work, column temperature must be controlled to within tenths of a degree. The optimum column temperature is dependant upon the boiling point of the sample. As a rule of thumb, a temperature slightly above the average boiling point of the sample results in an elution time of 2 - 30 minutes. Minimal temperatures give good resolution, but increase elution times. If a sample has a wide boiling range, then temperature programming can be useful. The column temperature is increased (either continuously or in steps) as separation proceeds.
Detectors
There are many detectors which can be used in gas chromatography. Different detectors will give different types of selectivity. A non-selective detector responds to all compounds except the carrier gas, a selective detector responds to a range of compounds with a common physical or chemical property and a specific detector responds to a single chemical compound. Detectors can also be grouped into concentration dependant detectors and mass flow dependant detectors. The signal from a concentration dependant detector is related to the concentration of solute in the detector, and does not usually destroy the sample Dilution of with make-up gas will lower the detectors response. Mass flow dependant detectors usually destroy the sample, and the signal is related to the rate at which solute molecules enter the detector. The response of a mass flow dependant detector is unaffected by make-up gas. Have a look at this tabular summary of common GC detectors:
Detector Type Support gases Selectivity Detectability Dynamic range Flame ionization (FID) Mass flow Hydrogen and air Most organic cpds. 100 pg 107 Thermal conductivity (TCD) Concentration Reference Universal 1 ng 107 Electron capture (ECD) Concentration Make-up Halides, nitrates, nitriles, peroxides, anhydrides, organometallics 50 fg 105 Nitrogen-phosphorus Mass flow Hydrogen and air Nitrogen, phosphorus 10 pg 106 Flame photometric (FPD) Mass flow Hydrogen and air possibly oxygen Sulphur, phosphorus, tin, boron, arsenic, germanium, selenium, chromium 100 pg 103 Photo-ionization (PID) Concentration Make-up Aliphatics, aromatics, ketones, esters, aldehydes, amines, heterocyclics, organosulphurs, some organometallics 2 pg 107 Hall electrolytic conductivity Mass flow Hydrogen, oxygen Halide, nitrogen, nitrosamine, sulphur
The effluent from the column is mixed with hydrogen and air, and ignited. Organic compounds burning in the flame produce ions and electrons which can conduct electricity through the flame. A large electrical potential is applied at the burner tip, and a collector electrode is located above the flame. The current resulting from the pyrolysis of any organic compounds is measured. FIDs are mass sensitive rather than concentration sensitive; this gives the advantage that changes in mobile phase flow rate do not affect the detector's response. The FID is a useful general detector for the analysis of organic compounds; it has high sensitivity, a large linear response range, and low noise. It is also robust and easy to use, but unfortunately, it destroys the sample.
Review your learning You should be aware of how a GC instrument works and the principles behind the operation of the major instrumental components, including injectors, columns and detectors.
Chromatography - Introductory Theory Quiz Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography - Quiz
Evaporation Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum The Watershed Concept
Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the atmosphere. Evaporation from the oceans accounts for 80% of the water delivered as precipitation, with the balance occurring on land, inland waters and plant surfaces.
As shown in the accompanying interactive animation, the rate of evaporation depends upon:
Wind speed: the higher the wind speed, the more evaporation
Temperature: the higher the temperature, the more evaporation
Humidity: the lower the humidity, the more evaporation
Distillation Applications for Alcohol Print Send link
Home / Evaporation & Crystallization / Distillation Applications / Distillation Applications for Alcohol Raw materials containing starch and sugar are principally used in the manufacture of bioalcohol. The alcohol which is produced is used in a wide variety of areas, for example:
the pharmaceutical industry the cosmetics industry the beverages industry mixed with petrol as an octane enhancer in the chemical industry as a source material for basic chemical substances, e.g. aldehyde, acetic acid and ethyl acetate. The wide variety of uses is reflected in the different qualities of alcohol which range from aeromatic, fine distillate to water-free, neutral 100% alcohol.
Depending on the raw material used, the choice of processing and the method of fermentation, different means of cleansing must be selected in the distillation process to achieve the desired product quality.
Many years of experience in the field of alcohol distillation enable GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) to design safe, proven and efficient plants for the production, purification and processing of alcohol.
GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) can offer complete alcohol processing lines. These include secondary or additional stages as, for example, the manufacture of wheat gluten or the reaction to alcohol derivatives. Our engineers plan the mash preparation of the raw materials, the fermentation, distillation and processing of the stillage, right through to drying with modern, energy saving steam dryers; the crucial components are manufactured under the tightest quality controls in our own workshops.
Distillation Chart
Requirements as regards the quality of alcohol have been increased considerably over the past few years. An example is the methanol content which is often specified as representing a very few milligrams per one hundred milliliters. Frequently standards for 100% alcohol lie close to the limits of analytical proof. It is true that these quality requirements can easily be fulfilled, given a high energy investment, however, energy costs are forcing producers into operating energy-saving plants.
GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) has proved in practical terms that it is possible to reconcile this apparent contradiction by designing new distillation plants, based on proven technology, well established research and development, and many years of experience.
Rectification & absolution plant during final stage of erection. Daily capacity: 60,000 liters of alcohol. The distillation plant shown in this picture purifies raw alcohol from varying sources and of differing qualities(molasses, potatoes, wheat, rye, fruit etc.) and processes it into purest alcohol - neutral or high grade - which exceeds normal specifications both in terms of taste and from an analytical viewpoint. At the same time and using the same energy, that is without consuming more steam, the rectified alcohol is dehydrated. In total, the plant consumes less than 1.5 kg of steam per liter of pure alcohol.
Regardless of the quality of the raw alcohol, the loss of alcohol during the processing represents just a few percent. Air coolers can keep the cooling water requirement to a bare minimum.
In addition to the actual production of alcohol, dry stillage is an important byproduct in plants processing raw materials such as maize, wheat or barley. Through the use of various types of GEA dryers, an assortment of products can be manufactured. In every case, the design of the entire production process guarantees careful handling of the materials and results in high quality dry stillage.
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Home / Evaporation & Crystallization / Distillation Applications / Distillation Applications in Chemical Industry The main demands set by the chemical industry to suppliers of complete plant systems are a high safety level, consideration for the need to link individual production stages, maximum plant operating time, the economic use of energy and competence in problem solving.
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Steam Distillation By Maryellen Nerz-Stormes, Ph.D.
[Study Aids]
A new technique that arises in this experiment is that of steam distillation. When you isolate the clove oil (eugenol and acetyl eugenol) from cloves, you will not have a solution. Instead, you will have two layers. Unlike the distillation of a solution (e.g., cyclohexane/toluene), these two layers will behave as distinct entities and there will be no dependence on how much of each species is present. The total pressure of the pot liquids can be defined by the following equation.
Notice there are no mole fraction terms in the equation. This means that if you have lots of water or just a little it will make the same contribution to the vapor pressure. What will happen when you distill? The mixture will heat up and eventually boil. Please recall that boiling occurs when the pot liquids have a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure. In steam distillation, the pressures of the two components must add up to 760 torr. Throughout the heating process, water and clove oil molecules will escape in proportion to their respective vapor pressures at the distilling temperature. Since water has a significantly lower boiling point than eugenol or acetyl eugenol, a much greater proportion of water molecules will be vaporizing at any time during the distillation. Even though the components of clove oil have low vapor pressures, they are volatile enough to vaporize to some extent and a small amount will lift off with the water molecules. Since the water and organic components are not interacting with each other, no enrichment occurs and they will co-distill at a single temperature until all of one component is completely distilled over. Normally, steam distillations are carried out with a large excess of water. When all the organic component has been distilled, pure water begins to distill. How is this situation reflected in the appearance of the liquid and in the still head temperature?
While the steam distillation is occurring, the boiling point of the two together will be lower than the boiling point of the more volatile component. Why? At the end of the distillation, you will have two layers in the receiver which can be separated.
A helpful relationship when considering steam distillation in a theoretical sense is the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles, R = the gas constant and T = temperature. It is important to remember that all of these parameters refer to gaseous molecules. Since distillation involves the expansion of a liquid into a gas in a fixed volume (the still), the gas law can be useful in predicting the amount of water needed to complete a steam distillation or to figure out the proportion in which the organic and aqueous layers will co-distill. To gain a more practical expression, take the ratio of a gas law written for the gaseous water and one written for the organic gas. If this is done, one obtains the following expression.
Fortunately, several of the terms in the above expression cancel. The volumes cancel because both gases occupy the same space, i.e., the still. The temperature terms cancel because the two components are co-distilling at the same temperature. The R terms obviously cancel.
The equation therefore reduces to:
This simple equation sums up steam distillation because it demonstrates that the amount of water obtained is directly proportional to the vapor pressure of water at the distillation temperature. The same is true of the organic component . Therefore, if the organic component has a higher boiling point than the aqueous component, it will contribute fewer molecules to the overall push against the atmosphere. Nonetheless, the two components are working together. You can think of the system as being like two people trying to push a broken down car. The weaker person may not be contributing much, but is still reducing the work for the stronger person. Because the organic is there, the water does not have to push as hard against atmosphere and this is why the overall temperature is the below the boiling point of pure water.
Now with all this sophisticated theory stated, why is steam distillation useful? You might wonder why you would not just take the cloves and press the oil out of them or extract the cloves directly with an organic solvent such as methylene chloride or ether. The problem with pressing the oil out (and this can be done) is that the yield is very low. You might be able to imagine that much of the material would get caught up in the solid matrix that constitutes most of the mass of the cloves. The problem with a direct organic extraction is that many other nonvolatile organic components of the clove would also dissolve in the solvent resulting in a much more complex mixture. Purification would become time consuming and material would lost with each added step. With steam distillation, only the volatile components are collected and they can be isolated exhaustively if enough water is used.
In summary, steam distillation is an ideal way to separate volatile compounds from nonvolatile contaminants in high yield. For these reasons it has been used extensively in the isolation of natural products.
This is a picture of dry ice (frozen CO2) sublimating. Click on image for full size version (40K GIF)
Evaporation is not quite the correct term to describe what happens to a comet as it approaches the sun. The correct term is sublimation. The term describes what happens when a frozen material changes to gaseous form. (Evaporation describes what happens when a liquid changes to a vapor).
The most common example of sublimation is that of dry ice, which is the common name of frozen CO2. When dry ice is exposed to the air it begins to sublimate, or change to vapor, before your very eyes. This happens to dry ice because at room temperature the frozen gas would rather be a gas than frozen solid.
When a comet approaches the sun, the comet comes to a region of space where it is warm enough that the frozen gases inside the nucleus would rather be gaseous than frozen solid, and that is when the tail and coma of the comet form.
Azeotropic Distillation Synopsis This course covers the synthesis, design and analysis of azeotropic distillation processes. The course is aimed at process engineers who have experience of conventional distillation and wish to learn more about non-ideal distillation processes. Azeotropic distillation methods are required when separating mixtures that form azeotropes. Such separations are usually achieved by using a solvent to break the azeotrope. The course focuses on graphical design methods (including residue curve maps) for assessing feasibility, solvent selection and column and flowsheet design. The design of processes that exploit liquid-liquid phase splitting will also be addressed.
Programme Lecture 1 Introduction Nature of azeotropy. Breaking azeotropes. Use of entrainers. Pressure swing. Design procedure. Lecture 2 Representing Ternary Distillation Ternary diagrams. Column sequences on ternary diagrams. Systems and subsystem mass balances. Isotherm, isovolatility and composition diagrams. Lecture 3 Residue Curve Maps Simple distillation, residue curves. Residue curve maps and their characteristics. Sketching residue curve maps. Lecture 4 Distillation at Total Reflux Residue curves as a representation for practical columns. Distillation lines. Distillation line maps. Distillation boundaries and boundary crossing. Bow tie regions. Lecture 5 Distillation under Finite Reflux Conditions Minimum reflux. Column section profiles. Section profiles for feasibility. Pinch point curves. Operation leaves. Intersection of operation leaves for feasibility. Lecture 6 Extractive Distillation Industrial applications for extractive distillation. Extractive distillation column design. Use of ternary diagrams for extractive distillation. Lecture 7 Phase Splitting and Heterogeneous Distillation Non-ideal liquid mixtures. Phase splitting and ternary diagrams. Heterogeneous azeotropes. Residue curves and the representation of heterogeneous distillation on ternary diagrams. Lecture 8 Assessing Feasibility Column sequencing using ternary diagrams. Product regions for assessing product feasibility. Node and saddle type products. Lecture 9 Strategies for Synthesis of Column Sequences Using the ternary diagram for column sequencing. Flowsheets for light and heavy entrainers. Crossing curved distillation boundaries. Lecture 10 Entrainer Selection Entrainer properties. Boundary crossing and entrainer selection. Entrainer screening. Lecture 11 Multi-component Azeotropic Distillation The state of the art. Assessing feasibility. Column design. Synthesis of sequences of columns. Lecture 12 Conclusions Overall procedure for azeotropic distillation system design.
The programme is correct at time of publication. The University of Manchester reserves the right to amend the programme at short notice.
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > WikipediaThe graphical approach presented by McCabe and Thiele in 1925, the McCabe-Thiele method is considered the simplest and perhaps most instructive method for analysis of binary distillation.[1][2][3] This method uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray (or equilibrium stage) is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
The McCabe-Thiele method is based on the assumption of constant molar overflow which requires that:
the molal heats of vaporization of the feed components are equal for every mole of liquid vaporized, a mole of vapour is condensed heat effects such as heats of solution and heat transfer to and from the distillation column are negligible.
Contents [hide] 1 Construction and use of the McCabe-Thiele diagram 2 See also 3 References 4 External links
Construction and use of the McCabe-Thiele diagram Before starting the construction and use of a McCabe-Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary feed, the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data must be obtained for the lower-boiling component of the feed.
Figure 1: Typical McCabe-Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feedThe first step is to draw equal sized vertical and horizontal axes of a graph. The horizontal axis will be for the mole fraction (denoted by x) of the lower-boiling feed component in the liquid phase. The vertical axis will be for the mole fraction (denoted by y) of the lower-boiling feed component in the vapor phase.
The next step is to draw a straight line from the origin of the graph to the point where x and y both equal 1.0, which is the x = y line in Figure 1. Then draw the equilibrium line using the VLE data points of the lower boiling component, representing the equilibrium vapor phase compositions for each value of liquid phase composition. Also draw vertical lines from the horizontal axis up to the x = y line for the feed and for the desired compositions of the top distillate product and the corresponding bottoms product (shown in red in Figure 1).
The next step is to draw the operating line for the rectifying section (the section above the feed inlet) of the distillation column, (shown in green in Figure 1). Starting at the intersection of the distillate composition line and the x = y line, draw the rectifying operating line at a downward slope (Δy/Δx) of L / (D + L) where L is the molar flow rate of reflux and D is the molar flow rate of the distillate product. For example, in Figure 1, assuming the molar flow rate of the reflux L is 1000 moles per hour and the molar flow rate of the distillate D is 590 moles per hour, then the downward slope of the rectifying operating line is 1000 / (590 + 1000) = 0.63 which means that the y-coordinate of any point on the line decreases 0.63 units for each unit that the x-coordinate decreases.
Examples of q-line slopesThe next step is to draw the blue q-line (seen in Figure 1) from the x = y line so that it intersects the rectifying operating line.
The parameter q is the mole fraction of liquid in the feed and the slope of the q-line is q / (q - 1). For example, if the feed is a saturated liquid it has no vapor, thus q = 1 and the slope of the q-line is infinite which means the line is vertical. As another example, if the feed is all saturated vapor, q = 0 and the slope of the q-line is 0 which means that the line is horizontal.[2]
Some example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. As can be seen now, the typical McCabe-Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed.
Next, as shown in Figure 1, draw the purple operating line for the stripping section of the distillation column (i.e., the section below the feed inlet). Starting at the intersection of the red bottoms composition line and the x = y line, draw the stripping section operating line up to the point where the blue q-line intersects the green operating line of the rectifying section operating line.
Finally, as exemplified in Figure 1, draw the steps between operating lines and the equilibrium line and then count them. Those steps represent the theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages). The required number of theoretical plates is 6 for the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1.
Note that using colored lines is not required and only used here to make the methodology easier to describe.
In continuous distillation with varying reflux ratio, the mole fraction of the lighter component in the top part of the distillation column will decrease as the reflux ratio decreases. Each new reflux ratio will alter the slope of the rectifying section operating line.
When the assumption of constant molar overflow is not valid, the operating lines will not be straight. Using mass and enthalpy balances in addition to vapor-liquid equilibrium data and enthalpy-concentration data, operating lines can be constructed based on Ponchon-Savarit's method.[4]
See also Fenske equation Fractional distillation Fractionating column Theoretical plate Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
References ^ McCabe, W. L. and Smith, J. C. (1976). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044825-6. ^ a b Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7. ^ Beychok, Milton (May 1951). "Algebraic Solution of McCabe-Thiele Diagram". Chemical Engineering Progress. ^ King, C. Judson (1971). Separation Processes. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034610-0.
External links McCable-Thiele drawing procedure More detailed information on how to draw a McCabe-Thiele Diagram Detailed discussion of McCabe-Thiele method by Tore Haug-Warberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway McCabe-Thiele Diagram generator Distillation simulation software
Any of several processes by which liquid mixtures containing azeotropes may be separated into their pure components with the aid of an additional substance (called the entrainer, the solvent, or the mass separating agent) to facilitate the distillation. Distillation is a separation technique that exploits the fact that when a liquid is partially vaporized the compositions of the two phases are different. By separating the phases, and repeating the procedure, it is often possible to separate the original mixture completely. However, many mixtures exhibit special states, known as azeotropes, at which the composition, temperature, and pressure of the liquid phase become equal to those of the vapor phase. Thus, further separation by conventional distillation is no longer possible. By adding a carefully selected entrainer to the mixture, it is often possible to “break” the azeotrope and thereby achieve the desired separation. See also Azeotropic mixture; Distillation.
Entrainers fall into at least four distinct categories that may be identified by the way in which they make the separation possible. These categories are: (1) liquid entrainers that do not induce liquid-phase separation, used in homogeneous azeotropic distillations, of which classical extractive distillation is a special case; (2) liquid entrainers that do induce a liquid-phase separation, used in heterogeneous azeotropic distillations; (3) entrainers that react with one of the components; and (4) entrainers that dissociate ionically, that is, salts. See also Salt-effect distillation.
Within each of these categories, not all entrainers will make the separation possible, that is, not all entrainers will break the azeotrope. In order to determine whether a given entrainer is feasible, a schematic representation known as a residue curve map for a mixture undergoing simple distillation is created. The path of liquid compositions starting from some initial point is the residue curve. The collection of all such curves for a given mixture is known as a residue curve map (see illustration). These maps contain exactly the same information as the corresponding phase diagram for the mixture, but they represent it in such a way that it is more useful for understanding and designing distillation systems.
Schematic representation of the residue curve maps for ternary mixtures with one minimum-boiling binary azeotrope. (a) Azeotrope between the lowest-(L) and highest-boiling (H) pure components. (b) Azeotrope between the intermediate-(I) and highest-boiling components. (c) Azeotrope between the intermediate- and lowest-boiling components.
Mixtures that do not contain azeotropes have residue curve maps that all look the same. The presence of even one binary azeotrope destroys the structure. If the mixture contains a single minimum-boiling binary azeotrope, three residue curve maps are possible, depending on whether the azeotrope is between the lowest- and highest-boiling components, between the intermediate- and highest-boiling components, or between the intermediate- and lowest-boiling components.
Nonazeotropic mixtures may be separated into their pure components by using a sequence of distillation columns because there are no distillation boundaries to get in the way. The situation is quite different when azeotropes are present, as can be seen from the illustration. It is possible to separate mixtures that have residue curve maps similar to those shown in illus. a and c by straightforward sequences of distillation columns. This is because these maps do not have any distillation boundaries. These, and other feasible separations for more complex mixtures, are referred to collectively as homogeneous azeotropic distillations. Without exploiting some other effect (such as changing the pressure from column to column), it is impossible to separate mixtures that have residue curve maps like illus. b.
A large number of mixtures have residue curve maps similar to illus. c, and therefore the corresponding distillation is given the special name extractive distillation.
Heterogeneous entrainers cause liquid-liquid phase separations to occur in such a way that the composition of each phase lies on either side of a distillation boundary. In this way, the entrainer allows the separation to “jump” over a boundary that would otherwise be impassable.
Wikipedia: Azeotropic distillation Top Home > Library > Miscellaneous > WikipediaIn chemistry, azeotropic distillation[1] is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous, such as the example below with the addition of benzene to water and ethanol.
Contents [hide] 1 Example - distillation of ethanol/water 2 Material separation agent 3 Pressure-swing distillation 4 Molecular sieves 5 See also 6 References
Example - distillation of ethanol/water A common distillation with an azeotrope is the distillation of ethanol and water. Using normal distillation techniques, ethanol can only be purified to approximately 96% (hence the 96% (192 proof) strength of some commercially available grain alcohols).
Once at a 96.4% ethanol/water concentration the vapor from the boiling mixture is also 96.4%. Further distillation is therefore ineffective. Some uses require a higher percentage of alcohol, for example when used as a gasoline additive. The 96.4% azeotrope needs to be "broken" in order to refine further.
Material separation agent One method is the addition of an "MSA", a material separation agent. The addition of benzene to the mixture changes the molecular interactions and eliminates ("breaks") the azeotrope. The drawback is that another separation is needed to remove the benzene.
Pressure-swing distillation Another method, pressure-swing distillation, relies on the fact that an azeotrope is pressure dependent. It also depends on the knowledge that an azeotrope is not a range of concentrations that can not be distilled, but the point at which activity coefficients are crossing one another. If the azeotrope can be "jumped over", distillation can continue, although because the activity coefficients have crossed, the water will boil out of the ethanol.
To "jump" the azeotrope, the azeotrope can be moved by altering the pressure. Typically, pressure will be set such that the azeotrope will be closer to 100% concentration. For ethanol, that may be 97%. Ethanol can now be distilled up to 97%. It will actually be distilled to something slightly less, like 96.5% The 96.5% alcohol is then sent to a distillation column that is under a different pressure, one that pulls the azeotrope down, maybe to 96%. Since the mixture is already above the 96% azeotrope, the distillation will not get "stuck" at that point and the ethanol can be distilled to whatever concentration is needed.
Molecular sieves Main article: molecular sieve For the distillation of ethanol for gasoline addition, the most common means of breaking the azeotrope
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హద్దులు చెరిపిన చెలిమి నువ్వై నడిపే దీపమా
వద్దకు రాకని ఆపకిలా అనురాగమా
నడకలు నేర్పన ఆశవు కద
తడబడనీయకు కదిలిన కథ
వెతికే మనసుకు మమతే పంచుమా
ప్రేమా నీతో పరిచయమే ఏదో పాపమా
అమృతమనుకుని నమ్మటమే ఒక శాపమా
నీ ఒడి చేరిన ప్రతి మదికి బాధే ఫలితమా
తీయని రుచిగల కటికవిషం నువ్వే సుమా
పెదవులపై చిరునవ్వుల దగా
కనబడనీయవు నిప్పుల సెగ
నీటికి ఆరని మంటల రూపమా
నీ ఆటేమిటో ఏనాటికీ ఆపవు కదా
నీ బాటేమిటో ఏ జంటకీ చూపవు కదా
తెంచుకోనీవు పంచుకోనీవు ఇంత చెలగాటమా
చెప్పుకోనీవు తప్పుకోనీవు నీకు ఇది న్యాయమా
పేరులో ప్రణయమా తీరులో ప్రళయమా పంతమా బంధమా
చిత్రం : సంతోషం
రచన : సీతారామ శాస్త్రి
గానం : ఉష
సంగీతం : ఆర్. పీ . పట్నాయక్
నువ్వేనా..నా నువ్వేనా
ReplyDeleteనువ్వేనా..నాకు నువ్వేనా
సూర్యుడల్లే సూది గుచ్చి సుప్రభతమేనా
మాటలాడే చూపులన్ని మౌన రాగమేనా
చేరువైన దూరమైన ఆనందమేనా
చేరువైన దూరమైన ఆనందమేనా..ఆ
ఆనందమేనా..ఆనందమేనా !
నువ్వేనా..నా నువ్వేనా
నువ్వేనా..నాకూ నువ్వేనా
మేఘమల్లె సాగి వచ్చి..దాహమేదో పెంచుతావు
నీరు గుండెలోన దాచి..మెరిసి మాయమౌతావు
కలలేనా..కన్నీరేనా
తేనెటీగ లాగ కుట్టి..తీపి మంట రేపుతావు
పువ్వు లాంటి గుండెలోన..దారమల్లె దాగుతావు
నేనేనా..నీ రూపేనా
చేరువైన..దూరమైన..ఆనందమేనా
చేరువైన..దూరమైన..ఆనందమేనా
ఆనందమేనా..ఆనందమేనా !
నువ్వేనా..నా నువ్వేనా
నువ్వేనా..నాకు నువ్వేనా
కోయిలల్లె వచ్చి ఏదో కొత్త పాట నేర్పుతావు
కొమ్మ గొంతులోన గుండె కొట్టుకుంటె నవ్వుతావు
ఏ రాగం ..ఇది ఏ తాళం
మసక ఎన్నెలల్లె నీవు..ఇసుక తిన్నె చేరుతావు
గస గసాల కౌగిలింత..గుస గుసల్లే మారుతావు
ప్రేమంటే..నీ ప్రేమేనా
చేరువైన దూరమైన ఆనందమేనా
చేరువైన దూరమైన ఆనందమేనా
ఆనందమేనా..ఆనందమేనా !
నువ్వేనా..నా నువ్వేనా
నువ్వేనా..నాకు నువ్వేనా
చిత్రం : ఆనంద్
గానం : రాధాకృష్ణ,శ్రేయ ఘోశాల్
రచన : వేటూరి
సంగీతం : కె.ఎమ్.రాధాకృష్ణన్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:57 AM 0 comments
Thursday, November 29, 2007
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా
నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదూ
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా
నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదూ
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా !!
నిదురే రాదూ..రాత్రంతా కలలు నేసె నాకూ
వినగలనంటే తమషాగ ఒకటి చెప్పనా ?
చెప్పు !
ఇంద్రధనసు కిందా కూర్చుని మాట్లాడదాం
అలాగే చందమామతోటి కులాసా ఊసులాడదాం
వింటూంటే వింతగా ఉంది కొత్తగా ఉంది ఏమిటీ కధనం
పొరపాటు..కధకాదు..
గతజన్మలోన జాజిపూల సువాసనేమో !
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా
నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదు
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా
పూవుల నదిలో..అందం గా నడుచుకుంటు పోనా
ఊహల రచనే.. తీయంగా చేసి తిరిగి రానా
వెన్నెల పొడిని నీ చెంపలకి రాసి చూడనా
సంపంగి పూల పరిమళం వయసుకీ అద్ది ఆడనా
అదేంటో మైకమే నను వదలినా పొద జరగదూ నిజమో
జడివానా..కురవాలీ..
ఎదలోయలోకి జారి పోయి దారి చూడూ
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా జరపనా
నిను చూడలేని రోజు నాకు రోజు కాదు
ప్రతిదినం నీ దర్శనం మరి దొరకునా దొరకునా
క్షణక్షణం నీ అర్చనం ఇక జరపనా
చిత్రం : అనుమానాస్పదం
గానం : ఉన్నికష్ణన్, శ్రేయ ఘోషాల్
రచన : వంశీ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 3:02 AM 0 comments
Thursday, June 28, 2007
మనసా ...
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
ReplyDeleteనువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు
నాలోనే నువ్వు
నాతోనే నువ్వు
నా చుట్టూ నువ్వు
నేనంతా నువ్వు
నా పెదవిపైనా నువ్వు
నా మెడ వొంపున నువ్వు
నా గుండె మీద నువ్వు
ఒళ్ళంతా నువ్వు
బుగ్గల్లో నువ్వూ మొగ్గల్లే నువ్వు
ముద్దేసే నువ్వూ
నిద్దరలో నువ్వూ పొద్దుల్లో నువ్వు
ప్రతి నిముషం నువ్వూ
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
నా వయసును వేధించే వెచ్చదనం నువ్వు
నా మనసుని లాలించే చల్లదనం నువ్వు
పైటే బరువనిపించే పచ్చిదనం నువ్వు
బైట పడాలనిపించే పిచ్చిదనం నువ్వు
నా ప్రతి యుద్ధం నువ్వు
నా సైన్యం నువ్వు
నా ప్రియ శతృవు నువ్వు నువ్వు
మెత్తని ముల్లై గిల్లే తొలి చినుకే నువ్వు
నచ్చే కష్టం నువ్వు నువ్వూ నువ్వూ......
నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
నా సిగ్గుని దోచుకొనే కౌగిలివే నువ్వు
నావన్నీ దోచుకునే కొరికవే నువ్వు
మునిపంటితో నను గిచ్చే నేరానివి నువ్వు
నా నడుమును నడిపించే నేస్తానివి నువ్వు
తీరని దాహం నువ్వు నా మోహం నువ్వు
కమ్మని స్నేహం నువ్వు నువ్వూ
తీయని గాయం చేసే అన్యాయం నువ్వు
అయినా ఇష్టం నువ్వు నువ్వూ నువ్వూ...
నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
మైమరిపిస్తూ నువ్వు
మురిపిస్తుంటే నువ్వు
నే కోరుకునే నా మరో జన్మ నువ్వు
కైపెక్కిస్తూ నువ్వు కవ్విస్తుంటే నువ్వు
నాకే తెలియని నా కొత్త పేరు నువ్వు
నా అందం నువ్వూ ఆనందం నువ్వు
నేనంటే నువ్వు
నా పంతం నువ్వు
నా సొంతం నువ్వు
నా అంతం నువ్వూ
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు
నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వూ
చిత్రం : ఖడ్గం
గానం : సుమంగళి
సంగీతం : దేవిశ్రీప్రసాద్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 3:06 AM 0 comments
Friday, August 8, 2008
గుండెల్లో ఏముందో ...
గుండెల్లో ఎముందో కళ్ళల్లో తెలుస్తుంది
పెదవుల్లో ఈ మౌనం నీ పేరే పిలుస్తోంది
నిలవదు కద హృదయం
నువు ఎదురుగ నిలబడితే
కదలదు కద సమయం'
నీ అలికిడి నినకుంటే
కలవరమో తొలివరమో
తెలియని తరుణమిది
ll గుండెల్లో ll
మనసా మనసా మనాసా
ఓ మనసా..!
పువ్వులో లేనిది నీ నవ్వులో ఉన్నది
నువ్వు ఇపుడన్నది నేనెప్పుడూ విననిది
నినిలా హ్చూసి పయనించి
వెన్నెలే చిన్నబోతోంది
కన్నులే దాటి కలలన్నీ
ఎదురుగా వచ్చినట్టుంది
ఏమో. ఇదంతా..నిజంగా కలలాగే ఉంది.
ll గుండెల్లో ll
ఎందుకో తెలియని కంగారు పుడుతున్నది
ఎక్కడా జరగని వింతేమి కాదే ఇది
పరిమళం వెంట పయనించే
పరుగు తడబాటు పడుతోంది
పరిణయం దాక నడిపించీ
పరిచయం తోడు కోరింది
దూరం తలొంచే ముహూర్తం
ఇంకెప్పుడొస్తుంది!
ll గుండెల్లో ll
మనసా.. మనసా.. మనసా
ఓ మనసా..!
చిత్రం : మన్మధుడు
గానం: వేణు, సుమంగళీ
రచన: సిరివెన్నెల
సంగీతం :దేవిశ్రీ ప్రసాద్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 1:30 AM 0 comments
Monday, February 19, 2007
బొమ్మను గీస్తే
బొమ్మను గీస్తే నీలా ఉంది దగ్గరకొచ్చి ఓ ముద్దిమ్మంది
సర్లేపాపం అని దగ్గరకెల్తే దాని మనసే నీలో ఉందంది
ఆ ముద్దేదో నీకే ఇమ్మంది
సరసాలాడే వయసొచ్చింది సరదా పడితే తప్పేముంది
ఇవ్వాలని నాకూ ఉంది కాని సిగ్గే నన్ను ఆపింది
దానికి సమయం వేరే ఉందంది
చలిగాలి అంది చెలికి వొణుకే పుడుతుంది
వెచ్చని కౌగిలిగా నిన్ను అల్లుకుపొమ్మంది
చలినే తరిమేసే ఆ కిటుకే తెలుసండీ
శ్రమ పడిపోకండి తమ సాయం ఉందంది
పొమ్మంతావే బాలికా ఉంటానంటే తోడుగా
అబ్బో యెంత జాలిరా తమరికి నామీదా
యేం చెయ్యాలమ్మ నీలో ఎదో దాగుంది
నీ వైపే నన్నే లాగింది
అందంగా ఉంది తన వెంటే పదిమంది
పడకుండా చూడు అని నా మనసంటుంది
తమకే తెలియంది నా తోడై ఒకటుంది
మరెవరో కాదండి నా నీడేనండి
నీతో నడిచి దానికి అలుపొస్తుందే జానకి
హయ్యొ అలక దేనికి నా నీడవు నువ్వేగా
ఈ మాట కోసం యెన్నాళ్ళుగా వేచుంది
నా మనసు యెన్నో కలలు కంటుంది
బొమ్మను గీస్తే నీలా ఉంది దగ్గరకొచ్చి ఓ ముద్దిమ్మంది
సర్లేపాపం అని దగ్గరకెల్తే దాని మనసే నీలో ఉందంది
ఆ ముద్దేదో నీకే ఇమ్మంది
సరసాలాడే వయసొచ్చింది సరదా పడితే తప్పేముంది
ఇవ్వాలని నాకూ ఉంది కాని సిగ్గే నన్ను ఆపింది
దానికి సమయం వేరే ఉందంది
చిత్రం : బొమ్మరిల్లు
గానం :శ్రీనివాస్,గోపికాపూర్ణీమ
రచన:భాస్కరభట్ల
సంగీతం:దేవిశ్రీ ప్రసాద్
ఎన్నెన్నెన్నో ఊహలే గుండెల్లో ఉన్నాయీ.....
ReplyDeleteనిన్నే ఊరించాలని అన్నాయి
ఎన్నెన్నెన్నో ఆశలే కల్లల్లో చెరాయీ
నిన్నే ప్రేమించాలని అమ్మాయి
దూరం పెంచినా కరిగించానుగా
కల్లెం వేసినా వువోవో కదిలొస్తానుగా వువోవోఓఓఓ
మనకన్నా పొడిచే మొనగాడే లేడమ్మో
ప్రతిగంటా కొలిచే ప్రెమికుడే రాడమ్మో
మన చెయ్యే పడితే అది నీకె మేలమ్మో
నన్ను నువ్వే విడిచే అవకాశం రాదమ్మో
ఎన్నెన్నెన్నో ఊహలే గుండెల్లో ఉన్నాయీ.....
నిన్నే ఊరించాలని అన్నాయి
ఎన్నెన్నెన్నో ఆశలే కల్లల్లో చెరాయీ
నిన్నే ప్రేమించాలని అమ్మాయి
అసలిట్టా నీవెంట నేనెట్టా పడ్డానే
అనుకుంటే అప్సరసైనా నారూపంలో కొస్తాదే
విసుగెత్తిపోయేల ఓ బెట్టూ చెయొద్దే
చనువిస్తే నా చిరునవ్వే నీ పెదవుల్లో వున్టాదే
ఇన్నాల్లూ బూలోకంలో ఏ మూలో వున్నావే
అనిపిస్తా ఆకశాన్నె అంతో ఇంతో ప్రెమించావంటే
మనకన్నా పొడిచే మొనగాడే లేడమ్మో
ప్రతిగంటా కొలిచే ప్రెమికుడే రాడమ్మో
మన చెయ్యే పడితే అది నీకే మేలమ్మో
నను నువ్వే విడిచే అవకాశం రాదమ్మో
ఎన్నెన్నెన్నో ఊహలే గుండెల్లో ఉన్నాయీ.....
నిన్నే ఊరించాలని అన్నాయి
అలనాటి రామయ్య సంద్రాన్నే దాటాడే
బలమైనా వారది కట్టి సీతని ఇట్టే పొందాడే
మనమధ్య నీమౌనం సంద్రంలా నిండిందే
మనసే ఓ వారది చేసి నీకిక సొంతం అవుతానే
చంద్రుడ్నే చుట్టేస్తానే చెతుల్లో పెడతానే
ఇంకా నువ్ అలోచిస్తూ కాలాన్నంతా కాలీ చెయ్యొద్దే
మనకన్నా పొడిచే మొనగాడే లేడమ్మో
ప్రతిగంటా కొలిచే ప్రెమికుడే రాడమ్మో
మన చెయ్యే పడితే అది నీకె మేలమ్మో
నన్ను నువ్వే విడిచే అవకాశం రాదమ్మో
చిత్రం : పరుగు
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:46 AM 0 comments
చంద్రుల్లో ఉండే కుందేలు
చంద్రుల్లో ఉండే కుందేలూ కింది కొచ్చిందా
కిందికొచ్చి నీలా మారిందా
చుక్కల్లో ఉండే జిగేలూ నిన్ను మెచ్చిందా
నిన్ను మెచ్చి నీలో చేరిందా
నువ్వలా సాగే తోవంతా
నావలా తూగే నీవెంటా
ఏవంటా
నీవల్లే దారే మారిందా
నీవల్లే తీరే మారీ ఏరై పారిందేమో నేలంతా
చంద్రుల్లో ఉడే కుందేలూ కింది కొచ్చిందా
కిందికొచ్చి నీలా మారిందా
గువ్వలా దూసుకు వచ్చావే తొలి యవ్వనమా
తెలుసా ఎక్కడ వాలాలో
నవ్వులే తీసుకువచ్చావే ఈడు సంబరమా
తెలుసా ఎవ్వరికివ్వలో
కూచిపూడి అన్న పదం
కొత్త ఆట నేర్చిందా
పాట లాంటి లేత పదం పాఠశాలగా
కూనలమ్మ జానపదం పల్లె దాటి వచ్చిందా
జావలీల జానతనం బాట చూపగా
కుంచలో దాగే వర్ణాలూ ఎదురొచ్చేలా
అంతటా ఎన్నో వర్నాలూ
మంచులో దాగే చైత్రాలూ బదులిచ్చేలా
ఇంతలా ఏవో రాగాలూ
ఆకతాయి సందడిగా ఆగలేని తొందరగా
సాగుతున్న ఈ పయనం ఎంతవరకో
రేపు వైపు ముందడుగా లేని పోని దుందుడుకా
రేగుతున్న ఈ వేగం ఎందుకొరకో
మట్టికీ మబ్బుకి ఈ వేలా దూరమెంతంటే
లెక్కలే మాయం అయిపోవా
రెంటినీ ఒక్కటి చేసేలా తీరమేదంటే
దిక్కులే దద్దరపడిపోవా
చిత్రం : నువ్వొస్తానంటే నేనొద్దంటానా
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:32 AM 0 comments
నేనున్నానని.
చీకటి తో వెలుగే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
ఓటమితో గెలుపే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
నేనున్నాననీ నీకేం కాదనీ
నిన్నటి రాతనీ మర్చేస్తాననీ
తగిలే రాల్లని పునాది చేసి ఎదగాలనీ
తరిమే వాల్లని హితులుగ తలచీ ముందు కెల్లాలనీ
కన్నుల నీటిని కలల సాగుకై వాడుకోవాలనీ
కాల్చే నిప్పుని ప్రమిదగ మలచి కాంతి పంచాలనీ
గోటి తో ధైర్యం చెప్పెను
చూపు తో మార్గం చెప్పెను
అడుగు తో గమ్యం చెప్పెను నెనున్నానని
నేనున్నాననీ నీకేం కాదనీ
నిన్నటి రాతనీ మర్చేస్తాననీ
ఏవ్వరు లేని ఒంటరి జీవికి తోడు దొరికిందనీ
అందరు ఉన్నా ఆప్తుడు నువ్వై చెరువయ్యావనీ
జన్మకు తరగని అనురాగాన్ని పంచుతున్నావనీ
జన్మలు చాలని అనుబందాన్ని పెంచుతున్నావనీ
శ్వాస తో శ్వాసే చెప్పెను
మనసు తో మనసే చెప్పెను
ప్రశ్న తో బదులే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
నేనున్నాననీ నీకేం కాదనీ
నిన్నటి రాతనీ మర్చేస్తాననీ
చీకటి తో వెలుగే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
ఓటమితో గెలుపే చెప్పెను నేనున్నానని
నేనున్నాననీ నీకేం కాదనీ
నిన్నటి రాతనీ మర్చేస్తాననీ
చిత్రం : నేనున్నాను
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:28 AM 0 comments
నా మనసుకు ప్రాణం పోసి..
నా మనసుకి ప్రాణం పోసి
నీ మనసుని కానుక చేసి
నిలిచావే ప్రేమను పంచి
నా మనసుకి ప్రాణం పోసి
నీ మనసుని కానుక చేసి
నిలిచావే ప్రేమను పంచి
నా వయసుకి వంతెన వేసీ
నా వళపుల వాకిలి తీసీ
మది తెర తెరిచీ పకే పరిచీ ఉన్నావే లోకం మరిచీ
నా మనసుకి ప్రాణం పోసి
నీ మనసుని కానుక చేసి
నిలిచావే ప్రేమను పంచి
నీ చూపుకి సూర్యుడు చలువాయె
నీ స్పర్శకి చంద్రుడు చెమటాయె
నీ చొరవకి నీ చెలిమికి మొదలాయె మాయే మాయే
నీ అడుగుకి ఆకులు పువులాయె
నీ కులుకుకి కాకులు కవులాయె
నీ కలలకి నీ కథలకి
కదలాడె హాయెఏ హాయే
అందంగా నన్నే పొగిడీ
అటుపైనా ఏదో అడిగీ
నా మనసనే ఒక సరసులో అలజడులే సృష్టించావే
నా మనసుకి ప్రాణం పోసి
నీ మనసుని కానుక చేసి
నిలిచావె ప్రెమను పంచి
ఒక మాటా ప్రేమగ పలకాలె
ఒక అడుగూ జతపడి నడవాలె
ఆ గురుతులు నా గుండెలో ప్రతి జన్మకు పదిలం పదిలం
ఒక సారి ఒడిలో ఒదగాలె
యద పైనా నిదరే పోవాలె
తీయ తీయనీ నీ స్మృతులతో బతికేస్త నిమిషం నిమిషం
నీ ఆశలు గమనించాలే
నీ ఆత్రుత గుర్తించలే
ఎటు తేలకా బదులీయకా మౌనంగా చూస్తున్నాలే
చిత్రం : ఆడవారి మాటలకు అర్ధాలే వేరులే
గానం : ఎస్.ఫై.బాలసుబ్రహ్మణ్యం
Posted by జ్యోతి at 2:23 AM 0 comments
Saturday, August 30, 2008
అలలే పొంగెను
అలలే పొంగెను వేగంగ
అలుపే రాదంది ఈ గంగ
స్నేహం స్వరంలా నాతో వరం లా
బ్రతకాలి తీపి కలలా ఆ...
అలలే పొంగెను వేగంగ
అలుపే రాదంది ఈ గంగ
మొదలంటూ లేధు... తుదికంటూ రాదు...
మిగిలుంది పోనీ మనలా ........
యేనాటి బంధం ... మదిలో ఆనందం...
నుదుటి రాత అనుకో .....
నీ వెంటే నేను .. సరి నా వెంటే నీవు....
విడని తోడు అనుకో ...........
పసి మనసులన్నీ ఈ వేళ.....
ఒకటైనదేమో అది నీ లీలా.........
చీకటి పోని..... వెలుగంతా రానీ....
మనవి ఒక్కటననీ .......
ఓ ఓ ... ఆడిందే ఆట ... మేం పాడిందే పాట.....
ఒట్టేసి అన్న మాట....
సెలయేటి పైన చిన్న వాన.....
విడలేను నిన్ను ఓ క్షణమైనా .
కలిసే ఉంటాము ... కలలే కంటాము ...
కనులన్నీ కలల అలలే ...
అలలే పొంగేను వేగంగ
అలుపే రాదంది ఈ గంగ
దేహం నాదంటు... ప్రాణం మీదంటు...
జననం మీతోనే..... మరణం మీ తోనే...
యే ఏ .........
థ..రత్థ త...రత్థ... ఒహో ఒహో
చిత్రం : సంభవామి యుగే యుగే
గానం : రాంకీ
రచన : కృష్ణ చైతన్య
సంగీతం : అనిల్
Posted by జ్యోతి at 5:30 AM 0 comments
Saturday, August 23, 2008
నాలో ఊహలకు...
నాలో ఊహలకు నాలో ఊసులకు
అడుగులు నేర్పావూ
నాలో ఆశలకు నాలో కాంతులకు
నడకలు నేర్పావూ
పరుగులుగా.. పరుగులుగా
అవే ఇలా ఇవాళ నిన్నే చేరాయీ!
II నాలో ఊహలకు II
ఆ.. ఆ... ఆ..
కళ్ళలో మెరుపులే గుండెలో ఉరుములే
పెదవిలో పిడుగులో నవ్వులో వరదలే
శ్వాసలోన పెనుతుఫానే
ప్రళయమవుతోందిలా!
II నాలో ఊహలకు II
మౌనమే విరుగుతూ బిడియమే ఒరుగుతూ
మనసిలా మరుగుతూ అవధులే కరుగుతూ
నిన్ను చూస్తూ. ఆవిరౌతూ..
అంతమవ్వాలనే..
II నాలో ఊహలకు II
చిత్రం : చందమామ
గానం, ఆశా భోన్స్లే, కె.ఎం.రాధాకృష్ణన్
రచాన్ : అనంత శ్రీరాం
సంగీతం : కె.ఎం. రాధాకృష్ణన్.
Posted by జ్యోతి at 5:44 AM 0 comments
గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి..
గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి .. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి
ఎదలోతులో ఏ మూలనో
నిదురించు జ్ఞాపకాలు నిద్రలేస్తున్నాయి
గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి .. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి
ఈ గాలిలో ఏ మమతలో
మా అమ్మ మాటలాగ పలకరిస్తున్నాయి
గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి.. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి...
మొదట చూసిన టూరింగ్ సినిమా
మొదట మొక్కిన దేవుని ప్రతిమ
రేగు పళ్ళకై పట్టిన కుస్తీ
రాగి చెంబుతో చేసిన ఇస్త్రీ
కోతి కొమ్మలో బెణికిన కాలు
మేక పొదుగులో తాగిన పాలు
దొంగచాటుగా కాల్చిన బీడి
సుబ్బుగాడిపై చెప్పిన చాడీ
మోట బావిలో మిత్రుని మరణం
ఏకధాటిగా ఏడ్చిన తరుణం
గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి.. గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి
మొదటిసారిగా గీసిన మీసం
మెదట వేసిన ద్రౌపది వేషం
నెలపరీక్షలో వచ్చిన సున్న
గోడ కుర్చీ వేయించిన నాన్న
పంచుకున్న ఆ పిప్పరమెంటు
పీరు సాయిబు పూసిన సెంటు
చెడుగుడాటలో గెలిచిన కప్పు
షావుకారుకెగవేసిన అప్పు
మొదటి ముద్దులో తెలియనితనము
మొదటి ప్రేమలో తియ్యందనము
చిత్రం : నా ఆటోగ్రాఫ్
గానం : కె. కె.
రచన : చంద్రబోస్
సంగీతం : ఎం.ఎం.కీరవాణి
Gurtukostunnayi......
Posted by జ్యోతి at 4:22 AM 0 comments
Tuesday, May 8, 2007
హొయ్నా
ఓలియొ ఓలియొ హొరెత్తాలే గోదారి
ఎల్లువై తుల్లాబిలా గట్టుజారి
ఓలియొ ఓలియొ ఊరేగాలే సింగారి
ఇంతకి యాడుందే అత్తింటి దారి..
హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ...
హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ...
హొయ్నా యేం చాందినిరా హొయ్నా యేం చమక్కిదిరా
హొయ్నా యేం మెరిసెనురా కన్నులారా..
హొయ్నావెన్నెల నదిరా హొయ్నా వన్నెలలిదిరా
హొయ్నా కులికెనురా కన్నెధారా...
ఆ కన్నుల్లో కొలువై ఉండేందుకు నీలాకాశం వాలదా
ఆ గుండెల్లో లోతుని కొలిచేందుకు సంద్రం సెలయేరైందిరా..
హొయ్నా యేం చాందినిరా హొయ్నా యేం చమక్కిదిరా
హొయ్నా యేం మెరిసెనురా కన్నులారా..
హొయ్నా వెన్నెల నదిరా హొయ్నా వన్నెలలిదిరా
హొయ్నా యేం కులికెనురా కన్నెతారా...
హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ...
హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ... హొయ్నా ...
హో....వగలమారి నావ హొయలు మీరినావా
అలల ఊయలూగినావా...
తళుకు చూపినావా తలపు రేపినావా
కలలవెంట లాగినావా...
సరదా మది నీవే అడుగే ఏమారి
సుడిలో పడదోసి అల్లరి
త్వరగా సాగాలి దరికే చేరాలి
పడవ పోదాం పద ఆగకే మరి..
హొయ్నా యేం చాందినిరో హొయ్నా యేం చమక్కిదిరో
హొయ్నా యేం మెరిసెనురా కన్నులారా..
హొయ్నావెన్నెల నదిరా హొయ్నా వన్నెలలిదిరా
హొయ్నా యేంకులికెనురా కన్నతారా...
నీటిలోని నీడ చేతికందుతుందా
తాకి చూడు చెదిరిపోదా
గాలిలోని మేడ మాయలేడి కాదా
తరిమిచూడు దొరుకుతుందా...
చక్కని దానా చుక్కాని కానా
నీ చిక్కులన్నీ దాటగా
వద్దు అనుకున్నా వదలదు నెఱజాన
నేనే నీ జంట అని రాసి ఉందిగా...
హొయ్నా యేం చాందినిరో హొయ్నా యేం చమక్కిదిరో
హొయ్నా యేం మెరిసెనురా కన్నులారా..
హొయ్నా వెన్నెల నదిరా హొయ్నా వన్నెలలిదిరా
హొయ్నా యేంకులికెనురా కన్నెతారా...
చిత్రం ; ఆట
రచన : సిరివెన్నెల
సంగీతం: దేవిశ్రీప్రసాద్
గానం : కార్తీక్, చిత్ర
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ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ
ReplyDeleteరాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో పూసేటి పూలా గంధాలతో
మంచు తాకి కోయిల మౌనమైన వేళల
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
వయస్సులో వసంతమే ఉషస్సులా జ్వలించగా
మనస్సులో నిరాశలే రచించెలే మరీచికా
పదాల రాయగా స్వరాల సంపద
తరాల నా కధ క్షణాలదే కదా గతించి పోవు గాధనేనని
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ
రాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో
శుకాలతో పికాలతో ధ్వనించిన మధోదయం
దివి భువి కలా నిజం స్పృశించిన మహోదయం
మరో ప్రపంచమే మరింత చేరువై నివాళి కోరినా ఉగాది వేళలో
గతించి పోని గాధ నేనని
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా మూగవై పోకు ఈ వేళ
రాలేటి పూలా రాగాలతో పూసేటి పూలా గంధాలతో
మంచు తాకి కోయిల మౌనమైన వేళల
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
ఆమని పాడవే హాయిగా
చిత్రం : గీతాంజలి
గానం : బాలు
సాహిత్యం : వేటూరి
సంగీతం : ఇళయరాజా
మాటే మంత్రమూ
ReplyDeleteఓం శతమానం భవతి శతాయుః పురుష
శతేంద్రియ ఆయుషేవేంద్రియే ప్రతి దిష్ఠతీ !
మాటే మంత్రమూ మనసే బంధమూ
ఈ మమతే ఈ సమతే మంగళ వాద్యమూ
ఇది కళ్యాణం కమనీయం జీవితం... - మాటే మంత్రమూ
చరణం : నీవే నాలో స్పందించినా
ఈ ప్రియ లయలో శృతి కలిసే ప్రాణమిదే
నేనే నీవుగా..పూవూ తావిగా
సంయోగాల సంగీతాలు విరిసే వేళలో - మాటే మంత్రమూ
నేనే నీవై ప్రేమించినా
ఈ అనురాగం పలికించే పల్లవివే
ఎదనా కోవెలా.. ఎదుటే దేవతా
వలపై వచ్చి వరమే ఇచ్చి కలిసే వేళలో
మాటే మంత్రమూ..మనసే బంధమూ
ఈ మమతే ఈ సమతే మంగళ వాద్యమూ
ఇది కళ్యాణం కమనీయం జీవితం !
చిత్రం : సీతాకోకచిలుక
గానం :ఎస్.పి.బాలసుబ్రహ్మణ్యం, ఎస్.పి.శైలజ
రచన : వేటూరి
సంగీతం:ఇళయరాజా
ఆమె….
ReplyDeleteఅవి పెదవులు కావు
కెంజాయ రంగును అలుముకుని ఎక్కుపెట్టిన హరివిల్లులు
అవి నవ్వులు కావు
నా హృదయంలో తీయగా వీచే మన్మధ శరాలు
అవి మాటలు కావు
ఎన్నటికీ తరగని శరపరంపరను నిక్షిప్త పరుచుకున్న అమ్ములపొదులు
అవి చూపులు కావు
నా ఎదను ప్రేమగా కోస్తున్న కరవాలాలు
అవి నడకలు కావు
హిమవన్నగము నుండి జాలువారిన జలపాతాల హొయలు
అవి అడుగుల చప్పుళ్ళు కావు
నా మదిలో సమ్మోహన రాగాలు పలికిన భూపాల రాగాలు
ఒక మేఘం .. మధ్యకు చీలితే కనిపించే
నీలిరంగుల ఆకాశమే .. ఆమె పాపిట.
దట్టమైన మేఘాలే ఆమే కురులు
దశమినాటి జాబిలి లాంటి నుదురు
ఆ మధ్య కస్తూరీ తిలకం
కళ్ళు కలువలు
ముక్కు సంపెంగ
పెదవి పగడం
వెరసి….
ఆమె ఆ బ్రహ్మ సృష్టించిన మెరుపుతీగ..
ఆమె …ఆమె……
రచన : మాదవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:53 AM 0 comments
నా ప్రాణం...
అదే చిరునవ్వు… అదే చిరునవ్వు….
రెండు గులాబీలపై మల్లెమొగ్గ అలవోకగా వాలినట్లు
మేఘమాల కౌగిలినుండి బాలభానుడు బయటపడినట్లు
నవమి నాటి నెలవంక ఆకృతి సంతరించుకున్నట్లు
నీ దగ్గర నా హృదయం కుశలమేనన్నట్లు..
నువ్వంటే నా ఆశా దీపం
నువ్వంటే నా కవితా రూపం
నువ్వంటే నాలోని నిగూఢ తేజం
నువ్వంటే మమతల మణిహారం
నువ్వంటే సొగసుల కావ్యం
నువ్వంటే అందని దూరం
నువ్వంటే ఓ మధుర జ్ఞాపకం
నువ్వంటే వలపుల విరిబాణం
నువ్వంటే నువ్వంటే నా ప్రాణం..
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:21 AM 0 comments
తొలి ప్రేమ…
అప్పుడే మాటలు నేర్చిన చిన్నారి పలుకులు
పొడి నేలపై కురిసిన వర్శం చినుకులు
అడవిలో నెమళి అందమైన నడకలు
అమ్మచేతిలోని అమృతం మెతుకులు
రాయలేము ఏ కవితలు
చెప్పలేము ఏ మాటలు
పాడలేము ఏ పాటలు….
పిల్లగాలి వీచినా నీ ఊసులే
చల్లగాలి తాకినా నీ బాసలే
చెట్టు కొమ్మ కదిలినా నీ శ్వాసలే
కనులు తెరిచి నిలుచున్నా
కనులు మూసి నిదురించినా
కనులలోన నీ రూపే
కలలోనా నీ ధ్యాసే
ప్రతి నిముషం నీ పేరు
తలవనంటే నమ్మరు ఎవరూ..
నిన్ను చూసిన ఆ నిముషం
మనసంతా సంతోషం
ఎద నిండా ఉత్సాహం
నిజంగా నిను చూసిన ఆ తొలి క్షణం
నేను కనురెప్ప కొట్టలేదు
నా మనసుకు ఏదీ తట్టలేదు
నేను ఆ రోజు అన్నం ముట్టలేదు
నా కంటికి ఏదీ గిట్టలేదు
నా శ్వాస నను తట్టలేదు
ఐనా నా మనసు నను తిట్టలేదు
ఒట్టు!! ఇది ప్రేమ అని నాకు ఎవరూ చెప్పలేదు...
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 9:12 AM 0 comments
కన్నీటి చుక్క…
కంటి కొనల నిలిచిన కన్నీటి చుక్క
సంద్రమౌతుంది…
అణువే కదా అని వదిలేస్తే స్మృతి
అనంతమౌతుంది,,, ఆకాశమౌతుంది…
ఆలోచన ప్రవాహమైతే
దానికి అడ్డం అదుపూ నీవే
బాధపెడుతున్న గాయానికి
ఓదారుస్తున్న స్నేహానివి నీవే…
ఉబికివస్తున్న కన్నీరు సైతం నీ
జ్ఞాపకాలనే మోసుకువస్తుంది
చెలి చేసిన గాయానికి నా
ప్రణయ విపంచి మూగవోయింది….
కలల మబ్బు దొంతరలను తొలగించేంతలో
నీవు రాగమంజరివై నా కోసమే
అరుదెంచిన వసంతానివై ఎదురువస్తావు
నిను చూసిన నా భావప్రకంపనలు ఏమని చెప్పను?
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 8:59 AM 0 comments
ప్రియా…..
నీలిమేఘాల చాటునుంచి
శరత్ పూర్ణిమలా నాటి జాబిలమ్మ
కొద్ది కొద్దిగా కనిపిస్తే
నీ తొలిచూపు జ్ఞాపకం…
నీరెండ పడి లేత ఆకు మీద
మంచు బిందువు తళుక్కున మెరిస్తే
నీ నవ్వు జ్ఞాపకం…..
అల్లరి తుమ్మెద అలవోకగా
పువ్వుపై వాలితే
నీ ముద్దు జ్ఞాపకం….
సంధ్యకాల పిల్లగాలి
హాయిగొలిపితే
నీ స్పర్శ జ్ఞాపకం…
పాలబుగ్గల పసివాడు
అమ్మవొడిలో ముద్దుగా ఒదిగితే
నీ ప్రేమ జ్ఞాపకం….
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 8:37 AM 0 comments
Tuesday, October 23, 2007
ప్రేమా ..నీ చిరునామా ...
ప్రేమంటే చిరుగాలి అలలమీద
రాసుకున్న చిరునవ్వుల గీతం
రాత్రి పగలు మరిచి నిద్రాహారాలు విడిచి
దీక్షగా గీసుకున్న చిత్రం.
నీవు తలుచుకుంటే
నీ జ్ఞాపకాన్ని నేను
నీవు మలుచుకుంటే
నీ రూపాన్ని నేను
నీవు ఆలపించుకుంటే
నీ రాగాన్ని,పల్లవినీ నేను
నీవు ఆనందిస్తే
నీ దరహాసాన్ని నేను
నీవు రాసుకుంటే
నీ భావాన్ని నేను
నీవు రాసుకుంటే
నీ భావాన్ని నేను
నీవు రమ్మంటే
నీ దాసుడిని నేను
నీవు మర్చిపోతే
నీ స్మృతిని నేను
రచన : మాధవ్ శర్మ
Posted by జ్యోతి at 12:47 AM 0 comments
Monday, July 23, 2007
ఓ ప్రియా!!!
కొన్ని జ్ఞాపకాలు తెరమరుగు కావు
కొన్ని అనుభూతులు నిదురే పొనీవు
కళ్ళు మూసి పడుకునే వేళ
కళ్ళ ముందు ప్రత్యక్షమవుతావు
నువ్వు పరిచయమయ్యాక యెన్ని నిదురలేని
రాత్రులు గడిపానో నా అలసిన కళ్ళకు తెలుసు
అసలు నువ్వంటే నాకు యెందుకింత ఇష్టం
ఎంత ఆలోచించినా సమాధానం లేని
ప్రశ్నగానే ఉంది ...........
నీ పెదవులపై చిరునవ్వుని మళ్ళీ మళ్ళీ
చూడాలని నువ్వు పిలవగానే వస్తాను
పరుగు పరుగున...
నీ మధుర స్పర్శకై నా ఊహల రెక్కలపై
ఊరేగుతూ నీ చెంత వాలిపోతాను
మన మధ్య ఉన్నది ఆకర్శన అనుకుంటే
అది నాకు దురదృష్టం
నాలాగే నీ హృదయం స్పందిస్తే
అది నా అదృష్టం
రచన : శ్రీరామ్
poet@yahoo.com
Posted by జ్యోతి at 10:27 PM 1 comments
Saturday, June 30, 2007
ప్రియతమా...
నీ ఛూపులో వుంది ప్రేమామృతం..
నీ నవ్వులో వుంది గానం
నీ మాటలే వేదం
నీ నడకలో నృత్యం.
ప్రేమ లో యెంత వేదనా
దానిని సాధించాలని యెంతో తపన
విఫలమవుతుంది అని యెందుకంత ఆవేదన
కాక పోతే యెందుకంత ఆరాధన...
నీవే నా సర్వస్వం అని నీవే నా ప్రాణం అని
నీవే నా లోకం అని కలలలో విహరించా
నా సర్వం నువ్వు అవుతావా కాలేవు కదా
నాకు ప్రేమించాలి అని వుంది
అభిమానించాలి అని వుంది
గౌరవించాలి అని వుంది
ఆరాదించాలి అని వుంది కాని.....
నీ అనుమతి లేనిదే నేను యేమి చెయ్యలేను కద
ప్రేమకి పునాది ఆరాధన
నీ నవ్వులో నన్ను చూసుకొవాలని
ఊహల ఉప్పెనలో కొట్టుకుంటున్నాను
నీవు కనిపిస్తే నోట మాట రాక
చలనం లేని శిలనై పోతాను
నీ ఒడిలో వాలి ఈ ప్రపంచాన్నే
మరిచిపొవాలన్న నాకోరిక యెనాడు తీరెనో
చల్లగాలి మెల్లగా నరాల స్వరాలు మీటుతుండగా
మనసులో ఆవిరి ఊహలు ఊయలలూగుతుండగా
నీ ధ్యాస మనసు తలుపు తట్టగా
యేదో తెలియని ఆనందం అనుభవిస్తుంది ఈ చిన్ని మనసు
జగత్తు మొత్తం నిదుర పోయే వేళ కలల కోసం నిరీక్షిస్తాను
ఆ కలలొ ఐన మనం యేకమవ్వలని
Bob was in trouble. He forgot his wedding anniversary. His wife was
ReplyDeletereally pissed.
She told him "Tomorrow morning, I expect to find a gift in the
driveway that goes from 0 to 200 in 6 seconds AND IT BETTER BE THERE !!"
The next morning he got up early and left for work. When his wife woke
up, she looked out the window and sure enough there was a box
gift-wrapped in the middle of the driveway.
Confused, the wife put on her robe and ran out to the driveway, brought
the box back in the house.
She opened it and found a brand new bathroom scale.
Bob has been missing since Friday.
Birds and Bees
ReplyDeleteA mother is in the kitchen making dinner for her family when her daughter walks in.
“Mother, where do babies come from?”
The mother thinks for a few seconds and says, “Well dear, Mommy and Daddy fall in love and get married. One night they go into their bedroom, they kiss and hug and have sex.”
The daughter looks puzzled so the mother continues, “That means the daddy puts his penis in the mommy’s vagina. That’s how you get a baby, honey.” The child seems to comprehend.
“Oh, I see, but the other night when I came into your room you had daddy’s penis in your mouth. What do you get when you do that?”
“Jewelry, my dear. Jewelry.”
Lion Tamer
ReplyDeletewo unemployed guys are talking. One says, "I'm going to become a lion tamer."
The other replies, "That's crazy, you don't know nothing about no lion taming."
"Yes I do!"
"Well, OK, answer me this. When one of those lions comes at you all roaring and biting, what you gonna do?"
"Well, then I take that big chair they all carry, and I stick it in his face until he backs down."
"Well, what if the lion takes that big paw, and hooks the chair with them big claws, and throws that chair out of the cage? What do you do then?"
"Well, then I takes that whip they all carry, and I whip him and whip him until he backs down."
"Well, what if that lion bites that whip with his big teeth, and bites it in two? What you gonna do then?"
"Well, then I take that gun they all carry, and I shoot him."
"Well, what if that gun doesn't work? What will you do then?"
"Well, then I pick up some of the shit that's on the bottom of the cage, and I throw it in his eyes, and I run out of
the cage."
"Well, what if there ain't no shit in the bottom of the cage? What you gonna do then?"
"Well, that's dumb. Cause if that lion comes at me, and he throws the chair out of the cage, and he bites the whip in two, and my gun don't work, there's going to be some shit on the bottom of that cage, you can bet on that."
The bride tells her husband
ReplyDeleteThe bride tells her husband, "Honey, you know I'm a virgin and I don't know
anything about sex. Can you explain it to me first?"
"OK, Sweetheart. Putting it simply, we will call your private place 'the
prison' and call my private thing 'the prisoner'. So what we do is: put the
prisoner in the prison.
And then they made love for the first time.
Afterwards, the guy is lying face up on the bed, smiling with satisfaction.
Nudging him, his bride giggles, "Honey the prisoner seems to have escaped."
Turning on his side, he smiles. "Then we will have to re-imprison him."
After the second time they spent, the guy reaches for his cigarettes but
the girl, thoroughly enjoying the new experience of making love, gives him
a suggestive smile, "Honey, the prisoner is out again!"
The man rises to the occasion, but with the unsteady legs of a recently
born foal.
Afterwards, he lays back on the bed, totally exhausted.
She nudges him and says, "Honey, the prisoner escaped again."
Limply turning his head, He YELLS at her, "Hey, its not a life sentence,
OKAY!
Age Quotes
ReplyDeleteI'm so old they've cancelled my blood type.
Bob Hope
As you get older three things happen. The first is your memory goes, and I can't remember the other two...
Sir Norman Wisdom
Yes, time flies. And where did it leave you? Old too soon...smart too late.
Mike Tyson
You know you're getting fat when you can pinch an inch on your forehead.
John Mendoza
As we grow older, our bodies get shorter and our anecdotes longer.
Robert Quillen
People say that age is just a state of mind. I say it's more about the state of your body.
Geoffrey Parfitt
DISTILLATION
ReplyDeleteWhen a solution of solid in liquid is heated, the liquid will evaporates. The hot vapor that formed can de condensed back to liquid again on a cold surface. We called this method DISTILLATION. Distillation is used for separating a solvent from a solution. We called the liquid collected a distillate.
Evaporation + Condensation = DISTILLATION
A way is to recover water from a salt solution. The solution is heated and the stream is to be condensed back to water. The solute and solvent can both be collected.
Before heating, there are a few very small pieces of pumice stone (antibumping granules) added into the solution. This is used to ensure even boiling. Otherwise, the solution might become so vigorously agitated which some of it might spurt into the collecting vessel before vaporization.
The bulb of the thermometer is to be placed above the liquid surface. In order to record the temperature of the vapor distilled over and collected. In this case, it will provide the boiling point.
Another set-up for distillation uses a condenser. This set-up condenses the steam even more efficiently. The condenser consists of two tubes, one inside the other. Cool water will pass through the outer tube and steam from the solution will pass through the inner tube.
The water supply enters the condenser at the lower opening, leaving the upper opening to get a better cooling effect.
EVAPORATION
ReplyDeleteWe cannot separate a mixture which is a solution using filtration or centrifugation. Since it is spread all through the solvent in tiny particles. The solution is heated so that the solvent evaporates, and just leave the solid behind. The diagram below show by using this method, salt can be obtained from its solution. Only solute can be obtained, and solvent will evaporate away in the process of EVAPORATION.
FILTRATION
ReplyDeleteThis is a method which is the most especially effective for separating suspensions, for example mud in water. We pour the mixture into a funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper. There are tiny holes in the filter paper for the liquid to pass through, the solid particles are too large to do so, therefore the solid particles will stay on the paper as what we called a solid residue. We called the liquid which pass through the FILTRATE.
There are two ways of folding the filter paper for the filtration:
Fold the paper in half along one diameter then in quarters.
Fold a fluted filter paper. Fold the paper in half, then open out, after that fold in the same director at a right angles to the original. Fold the paper two more times, the folds being all the same direction and mutually at around 45 degrees. Each section will then individually folded in the opposite direction. As result is a 'FLUTED' which sixteen faces will be produced. It provide a faster rate of filtration.
FILTRATION is widely used in industry. Beer is separated from its sediment.
Tap water has also been filtered through filter beds to remove solid impurities.
CRYSTALLIZATION
ReplyDeleteIt is a process of forming crystals. It is also a method for separating dissolved solids from a solution.
Two common techniques of Crystallization are:
By cooling down a hot concentrated solution.
The solution has to be heated to get rid of some water in order to obtain crystals from an unsaturated aqueous solution. The solution becomes more concentrated as the water boils away. The solvent cannot hold all the dissolved solids when concentrated solution is cools and is hot. The reason for this is because a hot solvent dissolve more solutes than cold solvent. Then the extra solids will be separated out as crystals.
We can check the solution is concentrated enough by placing one drop of it on a microscopic slide by using a glass rod. If the solution is concentrated enough, crystals should form.
Slow evaporation of solution at room temperature.
Crystals can be obtained by evaporating a solution at room temperature. After the solvent in the solution has been evaporates, the remaining solution will becomes more and more concentrated. Then it will becomes saturated. Further evaporation makes the extra solids separate out as crystals. It may take several days or maybe even weeks for crystals to form because evaporation of a solution at room temperature is a slow process. Note that the beaker is covered with a piece of filter paper with holes on it in the below diagram. The used of the filter paper is to prevent dust and dirt from getting into the solution. Otherwise the crystals formed might be very small. Crystals formed by slow cooling or evaporation are large. For those which formed quickly are usually small. It is because solute particle need time to arrange themselves in regular shapes in order to form crystals.After crystallization, crystals can then be separated from the solution by using filtration. Use cold distilled water to wash the crystals two or three times after filtration. Collect the crystals with a spatula and dry them by pressing it gently between filter papers.
PURIFYING SOLID BY CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization can be used to purify solids as well. Assume a sample of cane sugar contains a small amount of glucose as impurities. They are both soluble in water. Pure cane sugar can be crystallized and removed from the solution. In the solution, glucose will remain dissolved.
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SUBLIMATION
ReplyDeleteSome solids can change to vapor state without melting when heated. We called it SUBLIMATION. When the vapor is cooled, the solid forms again. We often use sublimation to separate a mixture of two solids in which one sublimes, but the other does not. For example, iodine from a mixture of sand and iodine by sublimation. When heated, only iodine changes to vapor. The vapor changes back to solid on the side of the funnel.
An inverted test tube is placed over if too much vapor is escaping from funnel.
Substances which sublime include anhydrous aluminum chloride, iodine and benzoic acid, anhydrous iron (III) chloride and anhydrous aluminum chloride.
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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
ReplyDeleteMiscible liquids are much more difficult to separate. Mixtures of miscible liquids can be separated by fractional distillation. It will provide the boiling points of the liquids are not too close.
If we want to separate a mixture of ethanol and water. The diagram below is suitable for this process. The fractionating column is packed with glass bead. It provides a large surface area for vaporization and condensation of the liquid mixture.
Ethanol is more volatile than water, since it has a lower boiling point (78oC). The vapor rises up the fractionating column when the mixture is heated. Because ethanol is more volatile, the vapor contains more ethanol. The hot vapor condenses upon touching the cold glass beads. There is a continuos rise of hot vapor up the fractionating column at the same time. Hot vapor will make the condensed vapor boils again. It will contain more and more ethanol as the vapor rises up to the fractionating column.
The above process is to be repeated many times before the vapor consists only pure ethanol. During the process the escaping vapor is measured by a thermometer of the fractionating column. The temperature will remain steady for some time and will then rise quickly and become pure ethanol.
When the ethanol has boiled off completely, the escaping vapor will consist of pure water only .
Generally, for fractional distillation to work best,the difference in boiling points of liquids in the mixture should be greater than 10C. The separation will not be complete if it is not.
Fractional distillation is used in industry to separate oxygen and nitrogen from liquid air. In whisky production it is used to increase ethanol.
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CENTRIFUGATION
ReplyDeleteCentrifugation is used when we want to separate small amounts of suspension. The suspension of solid in liquid is poured into a centrifuge tube, then spin around very fast in a centrifuge. The spinning motion forces the solid to the bottom of the tube. Then the liquid can be poured off from the solid.
Centrifugation is commonly used in dairies to separate milk from cream to make skimmed milk. It is possible because milk has less density than cream.
The idea of centrifugation is applied in washing machine for drying clothes. There are many small holes in the washing drum in a washing machine. After the washing is completed, the washing will then rotate at high speed, this will forces the water on the wet clothes out through all the small holes.
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DECANTATION
ReplyDeleteDecantation is a very quick method for separating a mixture of a liquid and a heavier solid.
If we want to separate a mixture of water and same, First, we should allow the sand to settle on the bottom of the container. Then we poured off the water at the top.
The advantage of this method is quick, but there is a disadvantage of this method which is rough. It cannot be used to separate a mixture of a liquid and a light sold, such as chalk in water. The particles of chalk are suspended in the water. They are so light that they do not sink down to the bottom for a long time.
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SEPARATING MIXTURE
ReplyDeletePURE SUBSTANCES and MIXTURES
When we do an experiment, we often end up with a mixture of substances rather than just one. We must know how to separate the mixtures.
A single substance that has no other substances mixing with it is called a PURE SUBSTANCE. If there is something else mixed with it, it is a mixture.
SOLID/LIQUID MIXTURES
The mixture of dissolved salts in water is an example of a solid/liquid mixture. The mixture is clear and no salt can be seen. We called this sort of mixture a solution. The solid which dissolves, such as salt, is called the solute. The liquid that solute dissolves, such as water, is called the solvent. Solids such as sugar and salt that dissolve are describe as soluble. Solids such as mud and coin which do not dissolve are described as insoluble.
SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION
We often say that a solution that contains a little solute in a given amount of solvent is dilute. We called a solution contains a lot of solute in a given amount of solvent CONCENTRATED.
We called a solution SATURATED when it can dissolved all the solute. Usually cold solvents dissolve less solute than hot solvents.
A saturated solution is a solution which has dissolved all the solute, at a given temperature.
An aqueous is to describe water when it is used as a solvent. Water is the most common solvent, however the are many other solvents which we used in industry and around houses. They are all needed to dissolve substances that cannot be dissolve in water.
SUSPENSIONS
Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a cup of PURE water and a cup of salt in water mixture just by looking, but there are times we can easily recognize a mixture. For example, By looking at the chalk in water in the diagram below. We can see there are white specks in the water, since chalk cannot dissolve in water. The particles of chalk are suspended in water. They are so light which they will not sink. We called this sort of mixture a suspension. Insoluble solid particles are suspended throughout the liquid in the process of suspension. They are in groups that they are large enough for us to see.
LIQUID/LIQUID MIXTURES
We used to word MISCIBLE when liquids mix together completely in order to form one single liquid. We called those liquids which cannot mix together completely IMMISCIBLE. Oil and water form two separate layers when they are mixed.
The reason which we need to pure substance is because in Chemistry, pure substances are needed to produce drugs or perform experiments in the laboratory. However, most substances obtained from nature are mixtures. Therefore these mixtures need to be separated and purified before we can use them.
METHODS of PURIFICATION and SEPARATION
Purification and separation of substances are very important techniques in Chemistry. Some of the common methods of purification and separation are explained in the other sections.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
ReplyDeleteIn paper chromatography, there are two factors which the movement of each substance in the mixture need to depends on.
The solubility of the substance in the solvent. The substance moves with the solvent easily if the substance is very soluble in the solvent.
The adsorption of the substance on the filter paper. Some solids are able to attract other substance strongly and hold them on their surface. This is called ADSORPTION. The substance will not move with the solvent easily if the substance in the mixture is absorbed strongly by the filter paper.
Since none of the two substances have the same adsorption and solubility, each substance will travel a different distance along the filter paper. One substance is separated from another in this way.
The substances separated by chromatography do not have to be colored. Colorless substance can be made to show up by spraying the paper with a locating agent. Then reacts with each of the colorless substances in order to produce a colored product.
We often used chromatography to identify the substances in a mixture. It is commonly used in hospital. It help doctors to find out whether the patient has diabetes, if paper chromatography might fund out whether sugar is present in the patient's urine.
Chromatography can also used to identify different dyes used in food.
ADSORPTION
We called the solids which are able to attract other substances strongly and hold them on their surface ADSORBENTS.
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DETERMINING THE MELTING POINT OF A SOLID
ReplyDeleteWe can determine the melting point of a solid by putting some of the dry solids into a capillary tube. Then the tube is to be attached to the bulb of a thermometer. The thermometer together with a stirrer are placed in a test tube of water and then heated gently. When the solid melts, record down the temperature.
The pure solid have sharper melting points. This means they melt within narrow temperature range less than 0.5 C. Solids which are impure do not have a sharp melting points. Therefore they melt over a wide temperature range.
We often used water bath to determine the melting point of a solid. An oil bath will be used if a water bath is not hot enough to melt solid which has a melting point above 90 degree Celsius.
DETERMINING the BOILING POINT of a LIQUID
ReplyDeleteWe can put the liquid into a test tube fitted with a thermometer to determine the boiling point of a liquid that does not catch fire easily. Add some anthibumping graniles and heat the liquid gently until it boils and record down the boiling point.
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Distillation is defined as:
ReplyDeletea process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat.
Distillation is based on the fact that the vapour of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.
Therefore, when this vapour is cooled and condensed, the condensate will contain more volatile components. At the same time, the original mixture will contain more of the less volatile material.
Distillation columns are designed to achieve this separation efficiently.
Although many people have a fair idea what “distillation” means, the important aspects that seem to be missed from the manufacturing point of view are that:
distillation is the most common separation technique
it consumes enormous amounts of energy, both in terms of cooling and heating requirements
it can contribute to more than 50% of plant operating costs
The best way to reduce operating costs of existing units, is to improve their efficiency and operation via process optimisation and control. To achieve this improvement, a thorough understanding of distillation principles and how distillation systems are designed is essential.
DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES
ReplyDeleteSeparation of components from a liquid mixture via distillation depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual components. Also, depending on the concentrations of the components present, the liquid mixture will have different boiling point characteristics. Therefore, distillation processes depends on the vapour pressure characteristics of liquid mixtures.
Vapour Pressure and Boiling
The vapour pressure of a liquid at a particular temperature is the equilibrium pressure exerted by molecules leaving and entering the liquid surface. Here are some important points regarding vapour pressure:
energy input raises vapour pressure
vapour pressure is related to boiling
a liquid is said to ‘boil’ when its vapour pressure equals the surrounding pressure
the ease with which a liquid boils depends on its volatility
liquids with high vapour pressures (volatile liquids) will boil at lower temperatures
the vapour pressure and hence the boiling point of a liquid mixture depends on the relative amounts of the components in the mixture
distillation occurs because of the differences in the volatility of the components in the liquid mixture
The Boiling Point Diagram
The boiling point diagram shows how the equilibrium compositions of the components in a liquid mixture vary with temperature at a fixed pressure. Consider an example of a liquid mixture containing 2 components (A and B) - a binary mixture. This has the following boiling point diagram.
The boiling point of A is that at which the mole fraction of A is 1. The boiling point of B is that at which the mole fraction of A is 0. In this example, A is the more volatile component and therefore has a lower boiling point than B. The upper curve in the diagram is called the dew-point curve while the lower one is called the bubble-point curve.
The dew-point is the temperature at which the saturated vapour starts to condense.
The bubble-point is the temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.
The region above the dew-point curve shows the equilibrium composition of the superheated vapour while the region below the bubble-point curve shows the equilibrium composition of the subcooled liquid.
For example, when a subcooled liquid with mole fraction of A=0.4 (point A) is heated, its concentration remains constant until it reaches the bubble-point (point B), when it starts to boil. The vapours evolved during the boiling has the equilibrium composition given by point C, approximately 0.8 mole fraction A. This is approximately 50% richer in A than the original liquid.
This difference between liquid and vapour compositions is the basis for distillation operations.
Relative Volatility
Relative volatility is a measure of the differences in volatility between 2 components, and hence their boiling points. It indicates how easy or difficult a particular separation will be. The relative volatility of component ‘i’ with respect to component ‘j’ is defined as
yi = mole fraction of component ‘i’ in the vapour
xi = mole fraction of component ‘i’ in the liquid
Thus if the relative volatility between 2 components is very close to one, it is an indication that they have very similar vapour pressure characteristics. This means that they have very similar boiling points and therefore, it will be difficult to separate the two components via distillation.
VAPOUR LIQUID EQUILIBRIA
ReplyDeleteDistillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the components in the mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation columns are determined by the vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the mixtures.
Vapour-Liquid-Equilibrium (VLE) Curves
Constant pressure VLE data is obtained from boiling point diagrams. VLE data of binary mixtures is often presented as a plot, as shown in the figure on the right. The VLE plot expresses the bubble-point and the dew-point of a binary mixture at constant pressure. The curved line is called the equilibrium line and describes the compositions of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium at some fixed pressure.
This particular VLE plot shows a binary mixture that has a uniform vapour-liquid equilibrium that is relatively easy to separate. The next two VLE plots below on the other hand, shows non-ideal systems which will present more difficult separations. We can tell from the shapes of the curves and this will be explained further later on.
The most intriguing VLE curves are generated by azeotropic systems. An azeotrope is a liquid mixture which when vaporised, produces the same composition as the liquid. The two VLE plots below, show two different azeotropic systems, one with a minimum boiling point and one with a maximum boiling point. In both plots, the equilibrium curves cross the diagonal lines, and this are azeotropic points where the azeotropes occur. In other words azeotropic systems give rise to VLE plots where the equilibrium curves crosses the diagonals.
Note the shapes of the respective equilibrium lines in relation to the diagonal lines that bisect the VLE plots.
Both plots are however, obtained from homogenous azeotropic systems. An azeotrope that contains one liquid phase in contact with vapour is called a homogenous azeotrope. A homogenous azeotrope cannot be separated by conventional distillation. However, vacumn distillation may be used as the lower pressures can shift the azeotropic point.Alternatively, an additional substance may added to shift the azeotropic point to a more ‘favourable’ position.
When this additional component appears in appreciable amounts at the top of the column, the operation is called azeotropic distillation.
When the additional component appears mostly at the bottom of the column, the operation is called extractive distillation
The VLE curve on the left is also generated by an azeotropic system, in this case a heterogenous azeotrope. Heterogenous azeotropes can be identified by the ‘flat’ portion on the equilibrium diagram.
They may be separated in 2 distillation columns since these substances usually form two liquid phases with widely differing compositions. The phases may
DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN
ReplyDeleteAs mentioned, distillation columns are designed using VLE data for the mixtures to be separated. The vapour-liquid equilibrium characteristics (indicated by the shape of the equilibrium curve) of the mixture will determine the number of stages, and hence the number of trays, required for the separation. This is illustrated clearly by applying the McCabe-Thiele method to design a binary column.
McCABE-THIELE DESIGN METHOD
The McCabe-Thiele approach is a graphical one, and uses the VLE plot to determine the theoretical number of stages required to effect the separation of a binary mixture. It assumes constant molar overflow and this implies that:
molal heats of vaporisation of the components are roughly the same
heat effects (heats of solution, heat losses to and from column, etc.) are negligible
for every mole of vapour condensed, 1 mole of liquid is vaporised
The design procedure is simple. Given the VLE diagram of the binary mixture, operating lines are drawn first.
Operating lines define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapour phases in the column.
There is one operating line for the bottom (stripping) section of the column, and on for the top (rectification or enriching) section of the column.
Use of the constant molar overflow assumption also ensures the the operating lines are straight lines.
Operating Line for the Rectification Section
The operating line for the rectification section is constructed as follows. First the desired top product composition is located on the VLE diagram, and a vertical line produced until it intersects the diagonal line that splits the VLE plot in half. A line with slope R/(R+1) is then drawn from this instersection point as shown in the diagram below.
R is the ratio of reflux flow (L) to distillate flow (D) and is called the reflux ratio and is a measure of how much of the material going up the top of the column is returned back to the column as reflux.
Operating Line for the Stripping Section
The operating line for the stripping section is constructed in a similar manner. However, the starting point is the desired bottom product composition. A vertical line is drawn from this point to the diagonal line, and a line of slope Ls/Vs is drawn as illustrated in the diagram below.
Ls is the liquid rate down the stripping section of the column, while Vs is the vapour rate up the stripping section of the column. Thus the slope of the operating line for the stripping section is a ratio between the liquid and vapour flows in that part of the column.
Equilibrium and Operating Lines
The McCabe-Thiele method assumes that the liquid on a tray and the vapour above it are in equilibrium. How this is related to the VLE plot and the operating lines is depicted graphically in the diagram on the right.
A magnified section of the operating line for the stripping section is shown in relation to the corresponding n'th stage in the column. L's are the liquid flows while V's are the vapour flows. x and y denote liquid and vapour compositions and the subscripts denote the origin of the flows or compositions. That is 'n-1' will mean from the stage below stage 'n' while 'n+1' will mean from the stage above stage 'n'. The liquid in stage 'n' and the vapour above it are in equilibrium, therefore, xn and yn lie on the equilibrium line. Since the vapour is carried to the tray above without changing composition, this is depicted as a horizontal line on the VLE plot. Its intersection with the operating line will give the composition of the liquid on tray 'n+1' as the operating line defines the material balance on the trays. The composition of the vapour above the 'n+1' tray is obtained from the intersection of the vertical line from this point to the equilibrium line.
Number of Stages and Trays
Doing the graphical construction repeatedly will give rise to a number of 'corner' sections, and each section will be equivalent to a stage of the distillation. This is the basis of sizing distillation columns using the McCabe-Thiele graphical design methodology as shown in the following example.
Given the operating lines for both stripping and rectification sections, the graphical construction described above was applied. This particular example shows that 7 theoretical stages are required to achieve the desired separation. The required number of trays (as opposed to stages) is one less than the number of stages since the graphical construction includes the contribution of the reboiler in carrying out the separation.
The actual number of trays required is given by the formula:
(number of theoretical trays)/(tray efficiency)
Typical values for tray efficiency ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 and depends on a number of factors, such as the type of trays being used, and internal liquid and vapour flow conditions. Sometimes, additional trays are added (up to 10%) to accomodate the possibility that the column may be under-designed.
The Feed Line (q-line)
The diagram above also shows that the binary feed should be introduced at the 4'th stage. However, if the feed composition is such that it does not coincide with the intersection of the operating lines, this means that the feed is not a saturated liquid. The condition of the feed can be deduced by the slope of the feed line or q-line. The q-line is that drawn between the intersection of the operating lines, and where the feed composition lies on the diagonal line.
Depending on the state of the feed, the feed lines will have different slopes. For example,
q = 0 (saturated vapour)
q = 1 (saturated liquid)
0 < q < 1 (mix of liquid and vapour)
q > 1 (subcooled liquid)
q < 0 (superheated vapour)
The q-lines for the various feed conditions are shown in the diagram on the left.
Using Operating Lines and the Feed Line in McCabe-Thiele Design
If we have information about the condition of the feed mixture, then we can construct the q-line and use it in the McCabe-Thiele design. However, excluding the equilibrium line, only two other pairs of lines can be used in the McCabe-Thiele procedure. These are:
feed-line and rectification section operating line
feed-line and stripping section operating line
stripping and rectification operating lines
This is because these pairs of lines determine the third.
[see Flash tutorial on Distillation Basics written by Jon Lee]
OVERALL COLUMN DESIGN
Determining the number of stages required for the desired degree of separation and the location of the feed tray is merely the first steps in producing an overall distillation column design. Other things that need to be considered are tray spacings; column diameter; internal configurations; heating and cooling duties. All of these can lead to conflicting design parameters. Thus, distillation column design is often an iterative procedure. If the conflicts are not resolved at the design stage, then the column will not perform well in practice. The next set of notes will discuss the factors that can affect distillation column performance.
Water Distillation Principles
ReplyDelete--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Every element can exist in three states: as a liquid, as a solid and as a vapor, which mostly depend on it's temperature. This applies to water, too. So, water can be found as ice, water and steam. If water is cooled down below 0 degrees Celsius (32 Fahrenheit), it becomes ice, and if heated above 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit), it becomes steam. The temperature, at which a substance changes it state from liquid to vapor is called a boiling point, and it is different for different substances. This difference can be used to separate substances, and as such can be used for water purification.
The process is relatively simple:
a) the dirty water is heated
b) to the boiling point and thus vaporizes
c) (becomes steam), while other substances remain in solid state, in boiler. Steam is then directed into a cooler
d) where it cools down and returns to liquid water
e) and the end result is a water, purified of additional substances found in it before distillation.
Distillation is an effective process and, what's more important, it can be done with a lot of improvisation. You can heat water with whatever is at hand: fire, electricity, or whatever. You can use almost anything that holds water for a boiler, as long as you can direct the steam into a cooler. A cooler can be a long piece of copper tubing bent into a spiral. All you need is something that will just cool the steam down. In a worst case scenario, you can distill water with an ordinary household pot and two pot lids. Boil water in a pot covered with the first lid. After a while, you'll see that the water in the pot vaporizes, and condenses on the lid (this is distilled water). Now replace the lid with the second lid, and turn the first one vertically, so that all condensed water collects at one point, and then pour it into a cup. Meanwhile, more distilled water condenses on the second pot lid, so just repeat the above steps again... until you have a full cup.
Distillation will remove from water almost anything, even heavy metals, poisons, bacteria and viruses. However, it does not remove substances that have boiling points at a lower temperature than water. Some of these substances are oils, petroleum, alcohol and similar substances, which in most cases don't mix with water. Also, remember that substances removed from water remain in the boiler, so you'll need to clean it up every once in awhile.
Distilled water can be used directly and does not need to be boiled again. As it is already hot, you can use it to prepare tea, or similar drinks.
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ReplyDeleteSimple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances; the vapour is then condensed in the water condenser and collected in the receiver.
The apparatus consists of a round-bottomed distilling flask bearing a stillhead connected to a water condenser (Liebig condenser). This is attached via a vented delivery bend to the receiver, also a round-bottomed flask. The stillhead has a thermometer adapter with a thermometer.
Notes:
the bulb of the thermometer is opposite the exit to the condenser. You want the temperature of the exit vapours since it is these that will condense.
the delivery bend is vented so that when the apparatus is heated the joints aren't pushed apart by expanding gas. Never draw a closed apparatus.
water goes in at the bottom of the condenser jacket and out at the top.
note the structure of the condenser - the water jacket is separate from the tube down the middle!
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ReplyDeleteFractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of volatile liquids. The round-bottomed distillation flask is underneath the fractionating column, which bears a stillhead and a thermometer adaptor. The stillhead leads to the water condenser (Liebig condenser) which is connected to the receiver by a vented delivery bend.
The fractionating column can be filled with almost anything that gives it a large surface area - glass beads or spirals, bits of broken glass tubing, ceramic rings. Alternatively it can be made with glass spikes sticking inwards (Vigreux column), or contain a spiral that forces the vapour around a helter-skelter pathway (Dufton column).
If a mixture of liquids forms an azeotrope, then that mixture cannot be completely separated by fractional distillation. This is covered further in the pages on Raoult's Law.
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ReplyDeleteHeating under reflux enables a mixture including volatile materials to be heated for a long time without loss of solvent. The system is designed to keep materials in the flask - it follows, therefore, that any apparatus attached to the top of the condenser is redundant.
Notes:
The water goes in at the bottom of the condenser
There must not be a stopper in the top of the condenser - the apparatus must not be sealed.
There must not be a thermometer in the top of the condenser, partly for the same reason as above but also because it wouldn't measure the temperature of anything that mattered. The vapour doesn't get that far.
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Paper Chromatography
ReplyDeleteChromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made. Chromatography is used to separate and identify all sorts of substances in police work. Drugs from narcotics to aspirin can be identified in urine and blood samples, often with the aid of chromatography.
For a printable version of this project, click here.
Materials
• Paper coffee filters
• One black permanent pen
• Black water soluble pens
• Container full of water
• Several sheets of paper
• Small glasses or plastic containers
• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol*
• Pencils
• Tape
• Scissors
• Stapler
*Read and obey warnings on rubbing alcohol label.
Instructions
Part I - Separating Black Ink
1. Cut several coffee filters into long strips, one strip per pen.
2. Fold the end of each strip over then staple it to form a loop.
3. Place a dot of ink near the bottom of each strip. Use a pencil to identify which strip belongs to which pen.
4. Poke a pencil through one of the loops you just made. Use the pencil to suspend the strip in a small glass or container.
5. Carefully add water to the glass until it reaches the bottom of the paper strip just below the ink dot. Be sure the ink stays above the water and the paper stays in the water.
6. Allow the water to soak up the strip and watch what happens to the ink drop.
7. If the ink you are testing does not spread out, re-test it using rubbing alcohol.
8. Repeat this process for each strip and compare your results.
9. Let the strips dry and tape them on a sheet of paper as a record of the different pen types.
Part 2- Secret Note Challenge
1. Turn your back while someone uses one of the pens you just tested to write a secret note on a piece of coffee filter.
2. Cut out several individual letters from the note.
3. Staple each letter to the bottom of a strip of coffee filter.
4. Conduct the chromatography experiment above to determine which pen was used to write the secret note.
(Watch how the ink spreads up the paper. Compare it to your known samples of ink.)
What’s Happening
Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colours. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colours behave differently, resulting in a sort of “rainbow” effect.
Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. If the ink you are testing does not spread out using water, it may be “permanent” ink. In such cases, you will have to use a different solvent such as rubbing alcohol.
Introduction
ReplyDeleteGas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Have a look at this schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph:
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Instrumental components
Carrier gas
The carrier gas must be chemically inert. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. The choice of carrier gas is often dependant upon the type of detector which is used. The carrier gas system also contains a molecular sieve to remove water and other impurities.
Sample injection port
For optimum column efficiency, the sample should not be too large, and should be introduced onto the column as a "plug" of vapour - slow injection of large samples causes band broadening and loss of resolution. The most common injection method is where a microsyringe is used to inject sample through a rubber septum into a flash vapouriser port at the head of the column. The temperature of the sample port is usually about 50°C higher than the boiling point of the least volatile component of the sample. For packed columns, sample size ranges from tenths of a microliter up to 20 microliters. Capillary columns, on the other hand, need much less sample, typically around 10-3 mL. For capillary GC, split/splitless injection is used. Have a look at this diagram of a split/splitless injector;
The injector can be used in one of two modes; split or splitless. The injector contains a heated chamber containing a glass liner into which the sample is injected through the septum. The carrier gas enters the chamber and can leave by three routes (when the injector is in split mode). The sample vapourises to form a mixture of carrier gas, vapourised solvent and vapourised solutes. A proportion of this mixture passes onto the column, but most exits through the split outlet. The septum purge outlet prevents septum bleed components from entering the column.
Columns
There are two general types of column, packed and capillary (also known as open tubular). Packed columns contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material (commonly based on diatomaceous earth) coated with liquid stationary phase. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 4mm.
Capillary columns have an internal diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter. They can be one of two types; wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) or support-coated open tubular (SCOT). Wall-coated columns consist of a capillary tube whose walls are coated with liquid stationary phase. In support-coated columns, the inner wall of the capillary is lined with a thin layer of support material such as diatomaceous earth, onto which the stationary phase has been adsorbed. SCOT columns are generally less efficient than WCOT columns. Both types of capillary column are more efficient than packed columns.
In 1979, a new type of WCOT column was devised - the Fused Silica Open Tubular (FSOT) column;
These have much thinner walls than the glass capillary columns, and are given strength by the polyimide coating. These columns are flexible and can be wound into coils. They have the advantages of physical strength, flexibility and low reactivity.
Column temperature
For precise work, column temperature must be controlled to within tenths of a degree. The optimum column temperature is dependant upon the boiling point of the sample. As a rule of thumb, a temperature slightly above the average boiling point of the sample results in an elution time of 2 - 30 minutes. Minimal temperatures give good resolution, but increase elution times. If a sample has a wide boiling range, then temperature programming can be useful. The column temperature is increased (either continuously or in steps) as separation proceeds.
Detectors
There are many detectors which can be used in gas chromatography. Different detectors will give different types of selectivity. A non-selective detector responds to all compounds except the carrier gas, a selective detector responds to a range of compounds with a common physical or chemical property and a specific detector responds to a single chemical compound. Detectors can also be grouped into concentration dependant detectors and mass flow dependant detectors. The signal from a concentration dependant detector is related to the concentration of solute in the detector, and does not usually destroy the sample Dilution of with make-up gas will lower the detectors response. Mass flow dependant detectors usually destroy the sample, and the signal is related to the rate at which solute molecules enter the detector. The response of a mass flow dependant detector is unaffected by make-up gas. Have a look at this tabular summary of common GC detectors:
Detector Type Support gases Selectivity Detectability Dynamic range
Flame ionization (FID) Mass flow Hydrogen and air Most organic cpds. 100 pg 107
Thermal conductivity (TCD) Concentration Reference Universal 1 ng 107
Electron capture (ECD) Concentration Make-up Halides, nitrates, nitriles, peroxides, anhydrides, organometallics 50 fg 105
Nitrogen-phosphorus Mass flow Hydrogen and air Nitrogen, phosphorus 10 pg 106
Flame photometric (FPD) Mass flow Hydrogen and air possibly oxygen Sulphur, phosphorus, tin, boron, arsenic, germanium, selenium, chromium 100 pg 103
Photo-ionization (PID) Concentration Make-up Aliphatics, aromatics, ketones, esters, aldehydes, amines, heterocyclics, organosulphurs, some organometallics 2 pg 107
Hall electrolytic conductivity Mass flow Hydrogen, oxygen Halide, nitrogen, nitrosamine, sulphur
The effluent from the column is mixed with hydrogen and air, and ignited. Organic compounds burning in the flame produce ions and electrons which can conduct electricity through the flame. A large electrical potential is applied at the burner tip, and a collector electrode is located above the flame. The current resulting from the pyrolysis of any organic compounds is measured. FIDs are mass sensitive rather than concentration sensitive; this gives the advantage that changes in mobile phase flow rate do not affect the detector's response. The FID is a useful general detector for the analysis of organic compounds; it has high sensitivity, a large linear response range, and low noise. It is also robust and easy to use, but unfortunately, it destroys the sample.
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Review your learning
You should be aware of how a GC instrument works and the principles behind the operation of the major instrumental components, including injectors, columns and detectors.
Chromatography - Introductory Theory Quiz
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography - Quiz
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Biosciences Homepage
Evaporation Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum
ReplyDeleteThe Watershed Concept
Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the atmosphere. Evaporation from the oceans accounts for 80% of the water delivered as precipitation, with the balance occurring on land, inland waters and plant surfaces.
As shown in the accompanying interactive animation, the rate of evaporation depends upon:
Wind speed: the higher the wind speed, the more evaporation
Temperature: the higher the temperature, the more evaporation
Humidity: the lower the humidity, the more evaporation
Alt | Win
Distillation Applications for Alcohol Print Send link
ReplyDeleteHome / Evaporation & Crystallization / Distillation Applications / Distillation Applications for Alcohol
Raw materials containing starch and sugar are principally used in the manufacture of bioalcohol. The alcohol which is produced is used in a wide variety of areas, for example:
the pharmaceutical industry
the cosmetics industry
the beverages industry
mixed with petrol as an octane enhancer
in the chemical industry as a source material for basic chemical substances, e.g. aldehyde, acetic acid and ethyl acetate.
The wide variety of uses is reflected in the different qualities of alcohol which range from aeromatic, fine distillate to water-free, neutral 100% alcohol.
Depending on the raw material used, the choice of processing and the method of fermentation, different means of cleansing must be selected in the distillation process to achieve the desired product quality.
Many years of experience in the field of alcohol distillation enable GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) to design safe, proven and efficient plants for the production, purification and processing of alcohol.
GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) can offer complete alcohol processing lines. These include secondary or additional stages as, for example, the manufacture of wheat gluten or the reaction to alcohol derivatives. Our engineers plan the mash preparation of the raw materials, the fermentation, distillation and processing of the stillage, right through to drying with modern, energy saving steam dryers; the crucial components are manufactured under the tightest quality controls in our own workshops.
Distillation Chart
Requirements as regards the quality of alcohol have been increased considerably over the past few years. An example is the methanol content which is often specified as representing a very few milligrams per one hundred milliliters. Frequently standards for 100% alcohol lie close to the limits of analytical proof. It is true that these quality requirements can easily be fulfilled, given a high energy investment, however, energy costs are forcing producers into operating energy-saving plants.
GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) has proved in practical terms that it is possible to reconcile this apparent contradiction by designing new distillation plants, based on proven technology, well established research and development, and many years of experience.
Rectification & absolution plant during final stage of erection. Daily capacity: 60,000 liters of alcohol.
The distillation plant shown in this picture purifies raw alcohol from varying sources and of differing qualities(molasses, potatoes, wheat, rye, fruit etc.) and processes it into purest alcohol - neutral or high grade - which exceeds normal specifications both in terms of taste and from an analytical viewpoint. At the same time and using the same energy, that is without consuming more steam, the rectified alcohol is dehydrated. In total, the plant consumes less than 1.5 kg of steam per liter of pure alcohol.
Regardless of the quality of the raw alcohol, the loss of alcohol during the processing represents just a few percent. Air coolers can keep the cooling water requirement to a bare minimum.
In addition to the actual production of alcohol, dry stillage is an important byproduct in plants processing raw materials such as maize, wheat or barley. Through the use of various types of GEA dryers, an assortment of products can be manufactured. In every case, the design of the entire production process guarantees careful handling of the materials and results in high quality dry stillage.
Areas of application for Distillation:
purification of raw alcohol for the production of neutral and fine grade alcohol
dehydration (absolution) of alcohol
manufacture of potable alcohol from raw materials containing sugar and starch
further processing of alcohol into alcohol derivatives such as acetaldehyde, acetic acid etc.
combinations of alcohol lines including plants for the manufacture of baker's yeast, gluten, glucose etc.
Distillation Applications in Chemical Industry Print Send link
ReplyDeleteHome / Evaporation & Crystallization / Distillation Applications / Distillation Applications in Chemical Industry
The main demands set by the chemical industry to suppliers of complete plant systems are a high safety level, consideration for the need to link individual production stages, maximum plant operating time, the economic use of energy and competence in problem solving.
As an engineering company, GEA Evaporation Technologies (GEA Wiegand) has been fulfilling these requirements for many decades bringing into play its experience in the fields of vacuum, evaporation, distillation and scrubbing technology.
Areas of Application:
rectification of fatty acids / methyl ester mixtures
rectification of caprolactam and glycin
chloroform / butanol rectification with concentration of resin
separation of ethanol / phenol from impregnating solvents
separation of fatty acid esternal / ethylhexanol mixtures
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If you are interested in learning more about a particular product and/or service offered by GEA Process Engineering Inc, please use this form to contact us, Click here to request more information.
Steam Distillation
ReplyDeleteBy Maryellen Nerz-Stormes, Ph.D.
[Study Aids]
A new technique that arises in this experiment is that of steam distillation. When you isolate the clove oil (eugenol and acetyl eugenol) from cloves, you will not have a solution. Instead, you will have two layers. Unlike the distillation of a solution (e.g., cyclohexane/toluene), these two layers will behave as distinct entities and there will be no dependence on how much of each species is present. The total pressure of the pot liquids can be defined by the following equation.
Notice there are no mole fraction terms in the equation. This means that if you have lots of water or just a little it will make the same contribution to the vapor pressure. What will happen when you distill? The mixture will heat up and eventually boil. Please recall that boiling occurs when the pot liquids have a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure. In steam distillation, the pressures of the two components must add up to 760 torr. Throughout the heating process, water and clove oil molecules will escape in proportion to their respective vapor pressures at the distilling temperature. Since water has a significantly lower boiling point than eugenol or acetyl eugenol, a much greater proportion of water molecules will be vaporizing at any time during the distillation. Even though the components of clove oil have low vapor pressures, they are volatile enough to vaporize to some extent and a small amount will lift off with the water molecules. Since the water and organic components are not interacting with each other, no enrichment occurs and they will co-distill at a single temperature until all of one component is completely distilled over. Normally, steam distillations are carried out with a large excess of water. When all the organic component has been distilled, pure water begins to distill. How is this situation reflected in the appearance of the liquid and in the still head temperature?
While the steam distillation is occurring, the boiling point of the two together will be lower than the boiling point of the more volatile component. Why? At the end of the distillation, you will have two layers in the receiver which can be separated.
A helpful relationship when considering steam distillation in a theoretical sense is the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles, R = the gas constant and T = temperature. It is important to remember that all of these parameters refer to gaseous molecules. Since distillation involves the expansion of a liquid into a gas in a fixed volume (the still), the gas law can be useful in predicting the amount of water needed to complete a steam distillation or to figure out the proportion in which the organic and aqueous layers will co-distill. To gain a more practical expression, take the ratio of a gas law written for the gaseous water and one written for the organic gas. If this is done, one obtains the following expression.
Fortunately, several of the terms in the above expression cancel. The volumes cancel because both gases occupy the same space, i.e., the still. The temperature terms cancel because the two components are co-distilling at the same temperature. The R terms obviously cancel.
The equation therefore reduces to:
This simple equation sums up steam distillation because it demonstrates that the amount of water obtained is directly proportional to the vapor pressure of water at the distillation temperature. The same is true of the organic component . Therefore, if the organic component has a higher boiling point than the aqueous component, it will contribute fewer molecules to the overall push against the atmosphere. Nonetheless, the two components are working together. You can think of the system as being like two people trying to push a broken down car. The weaker person may not be contributing much, but is still reducing the work for the stronger person. Because the organic is there, the water does not have to push as hard against atmosphere and this is why the overall temperature is the below the boiling point of pure water.
Now with all this sophisticated theory stated, why is steam distillation useful? You might wonder why you would not just take the cloves and press the oil out of them or extract the cloves directly with an organic solvent such as methylene chloride or ether. The problem with pressing the oil out (and this can be done) is that the yield is very low. You might be able to imagine that much of the material would get caught up in the solid matrix that constitutes most of the mass of the cloves. The problem with a direct organic extraction is that many other nonvolatile organic components of the clove would also dissolve in the solvent resulting in a much more complex mixture. Purification would become time consuming and material would lost with each added step. With steam distillation, only the volatile components are collected and they can be isolated exhaustively if enough water is used.
In summary, steam distillation is an ideal way to separate volatile compounds from nonvolatile contaminants in high yield. For these reasons it has been used extensively in the isolation of natural products.
Sublimation
ReplyDeleteThis is a picture of dry ice (frozen CO2) sublimating.
Click on image for full size version (40K GIF)
Evaporation is not quite the correct term to describe what happens to a comet as it approaches the sun. The correct term is sublimation. The term describes what happens when a frozen material changes to gaseous form. (Evaporation describes what happens when a liquid changes to a vapor).
The most common example of sublimation is that of dry ice, which is the common name of frozen CO2. When dry ice is exposed to the air it begins to sublimate, or change to vapor, before your very eyes. This happens to dry ice because at room temperature the frozen gas would rather be a gas than frozen solid.
When a comet approaches the sun, the comet comes to a region of space where it is warm enough that the frozen gases inside the nucleus would rather be gaseous than frozen solid, and that is when the tail and coma of the comet form.
Azeotropic Distillation
ReplyDeleteSynopsis
This course covers the synthesis, design and analysis of azeotropic distillation processes. The course is aimed at process engineers who have experience of conventional distillation and wish to learn more about non-ideal distillation processes. Azeotropic distillation methods are required when separating mixtures that form azeotropes. Such separations are usually achieved by using a solvent to break the azeotrope. The course focuses on graphical design methods (including residue curve maps) for assessing feasibility, solvent selection and column and flowsheet design. The design of processes that exploit liquid-liquid phase splitting will also be addressed.
Programme
Lecture 1 Introduction
Nature of azeotropy. Breaking azeotropes. Use of entrainers. Pressure swing. Design procedure.
Lecture 2 Representing Ternary Distillation
Ternary diagrams. Column sequences on ternary diagrams. Systems and subsystem mass balances. Isotherm, isovolatility and composition diagrams.
Lecture 3 Residue Curve Maps
Simple distillation, residue curves. Residue curve maps and their characteristics. Sketching residue curve maps.
Lecture 4 Distillation at Total Reflux
Residue curves as a representation for practical columns. Distillation lines. Distillation line maps. Distillation boundaries and boundary crossing. Bow tie regions.
Lecture 5 Distillation under Finite Reflux Conditions
Minimum reflux. Column section profiles. Section profiles for feasibility. Pinch point curves. Operation leaves. Intersection of operation leaves for feasibility.
Lecture 6 Extractive Distillation
Industrial applications for extractive distillation. Extractive distillation column design. Use of ternary diagrams for extractive distillation.
Lecture 7 Phase Splitting and Heterogeneous Distillation
Non-ideal liquid mixtures. Phase splitting and ternary diagrams. Heterogeneous azeotropes. Residue curves and the representation of heterogeneous distillation on ternary diagrams.
Lecture 8 Assessing Feasibility
Column sequencing using ternary diagrams. Product regions for assessing product feasibility. Node and saddle type products.
Lecture 9 Strategies for Synthesis of Column Sequences
Using the ternary diagram for column sequencing. Flowsheets for light and heavy entrainers. Crossing curved distillation boundaries.
Lecture 10 Entrainer Selection
Entrainer properties. Boundary crossing and entrainer selection. Entrainer screening.
Lecture 11 Multi-component Azeotropic Distillation
The state of the art. Assessing feasibility. Column design. Synthesis of sequences of columns.
Lecture 12 Conclusions
Overall procedure for azeotropic distillation system design.
The programme is correct at time of publication. The University of Manchester reserves the right to amend the programme at short notice.
McCabe-Thiele method
ReplyDeleteWikipedia: McCabe-Thiele method
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > WikipediaThe graphical approach presented by McCabe and Thiele in 1925, the McCabe-Thiele method is considered the simplest and perhaps most instructive method for analysis of binary distillation.[1][2][3] This method uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray (or equilibrium stage) is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
The McCabe-Thiele method is based on the assumption of constant molar overflow which requires that:
the molal heats of vaporization of the feed components are equal
for every mole of liquid vaporized, a mole of vapour is condensed
heat effects such as heats of solution and heat transfer to and from the distillation column are negligible.
Contents [hide]
1 Construction and use of the McCabe-Thiele diagram
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Construction and use of the McCabe-Thiele diagram
Before starting the construction and use of a McCabe-Thiele diagram for the distillation of a binary feed, the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data must be obtained for the lower-boiling component of the feed.
Figure 1: Typical McCabe-Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feedThe first step is to draw equal sized vertical and horizontal axes of a graph. The horizontal axis will be for the mole fraction (denoted by x) of the lower-boiling feed component in the liquid phase. The vertical axis will be for the mole fraction (denoted by y) of the lower-boiling feed component in the vapor phase.
The next step is to draw a straight line from the origin of the graph to the point where x and y both equal 1.0, which is the x = y line in Figure 1. Then draw the equilibrium line using the VLE data points of the lower boiling component, representing the equilibrium vapor phase compositions for each value of liquid phase composition. Also draw vertical lines from the horizontal axis up to the x = y line for the feed and for the desired compositions of the top distillate product and the corresponding bottoms product (shown in red in Figure 1).
The next step is to draw the operating line for the rectifying section (the section above the feed inlet) of the distillation column, (shown in green in Figure 1). Starting at the intersection of the distillate composition line and the x = y line, draw the rectifying operating line at a downward slope (Δy/Δx) of L / (D + L) where L is the molar flow rate of reflux and D is the molar flow rate of the distillate product. For example, in Figure 1, assuming the molar flow rate of the reflux L is 1000 moles per hour and the molar flow rate of the distillate D is 590 moles per hour, then the downward slope of the rectifying operating line is 1000 / (590 + 1000) = 0.63 which means that the y-coordinate of any point on the line decreases 0.63 units for each unit that the x-coordinate decreases.
Examples of q-line slopesThe next step is to draw the blue q-line (seen in Figure 1) from the x = y line so that it intersects the rectifying operating line.
The parameter q is the mole fraction of liquid in the feed and the slope of the q-line is q / (q - 1). For example, if the feed is a saturated liquid it has no vapor, thus q = 1 and the slope of the q-line is infinite which means the line is vertical. As another example, if the feed is all saturated vapor, q = 0 and the slope of the q-line is 0 which means that the line is horizontal.[2]
Some example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. As can be seen now, the typical McCabe-Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed.
Next, as shown in Figure 1, draw the purple operating line for the stripping section of the distillation column (i.e., the section below the feed inlet). Starting at the intersection of the red bottoms composition line and the x = y line, draw the stripping section operating line up to the point where the blue q-line intersects the green operating line of the rectifying section operating line.
Finally, as exemplified in Figure 1, draw the steps between operating lines and the equilibrium line and then count them. Those steps represent the theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages). The required number of theoretical plates is 6 for the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1.
Note that using colored lines is not required and only used here to make the methodology easier to describe.
In continuous distillation with varying reflux ratio, the mole fraction of the lighter component in the top part of the distillation column will decrease as the reflux ratio decreases. Each new reflux ratio will alter the slope of the rectifying section operating line.
When the assumption of constant molar overflow is not valid, the operating lines will not be straight. Using mass and enthalpy balances in addition to vapor-liquid equilibrium data and enthalpy-concentration data, operating lines can be constructed based on Ponchon-Savarit's method.[4]
See also
Fenske equation
Fractional distillation
Fractionating column
Theoretical plate
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
References
^ McCabe, W. L. and Smith, J. C. (1976). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044825-6.
^ a b Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.
^ Beychok, Milton (May 1951). "Algebraic Solution of McCabe-Thiele Diagram". Chemical Engineering Progress.
^ King, C. Judson (1971). Separation Processes. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034610-0.
External links
McCable-Thiele drawing procedure
More detailed information on how to draw a McCabe-Thiele Diagram
Detailed discussion of McCabe-Thiele method by Tore Haug-Warberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
McCabe-Thiele Diagram generator
Distillation simulation software
Any of several processes by which liquid mixtures containing azeotropes may be separated into their pure components with the aid of an additional substance (called the entrainer, the solvent, or the mass separating agent) to facilitate the distillation. Distillation is a separation technique that exploits the fact that when a liquid is partially vaporized the compositions of the two phases are different. By separating the phases, and repeating the procedure, it is often possible to separate the original mixture completely. However, many mixtures exhibit special states, known as azeotropes, at which the composition, temperature, and pressure of the liquid phase become equal to those of the vapor phase. Thus, further separation by conventional distillation is no longer possible. By adding a carefully selected entrainer to the mixture, it is often possible to “break” the azeotrope and thereby achieve the desired separation. See also Azeotropic mixture; Distillation.
ReplyDeleteEntrainers fall into at least four distinct categories that may be identified by the way in which they make the separation possible. These categories are: (1) liquid entrainers that do not induce liquid-phase separation, used in homogeneous azeotropic distillations, of which classical extractive distillation is a special case; (2) liquid entrainers that do induce a liquid-phase separation, used in heterogeneous azeotropic distillations; (3) entrainers that react with one of the components; and (4) entrainers that dissociate ionically, that is, salts. See also Salt-effect distillation.
Within each of these categories, not all entrainers will make the separation possible, that is, not all entrainers will break the azeotrope. In order to determine whether a given entrainer is feasible, a schematic representation known as a residue curve map for a mixture undergoing simple distillation is created. The path of liquid compositions starting from some initial point is the residue curve. The collection of all such curves for a given mixture is known as a residue curve map (see illustration). These maps contain exactly the same information as the corresponding phase diagram for the mixture, but they represent it in such a way that it is more useful for understanding and designing distillation systems.
Schematic representation of the residue curve maps for ternary mixtures with one minimum-boiling binary azeotrope. (a) Azeotrope between the lowest-(L) and highest-boiling (H) pure components. (b) Azeotrope between the intermediate-(I) and highest-boiling components. (c) Azeotrope between the intermediate- and lowest-boiling components.
Mixtures that do not contain azeotropes have residue curve maps that all look the same. The presence of even one binary azeotrope destroys the structure. If the mixture contains a single minimum-boiling binary azeotrope, three residue curve maps are possible, depending on whether the azeotrope is between the lowest- and highest-boiling components, between the intermediate- and highest-boiling components, or between the intermediate- and lowest-boiling components.
Nonazeotropic mixtures may be separated into their pure components by using a sequence of distillation columns because there are no distillation boundaries to get in the way. The situation is quite different when azeotropes are present, as can be seen from the illustration. It is possible to separate mixtures that have residue curve maps similar to those shown in illus. a and c by straightforward sequences of distillation columns. This is because these maps do not have any distillation boundaries. These, and other feasible separations for more complex mixtures, are referred to collectively as homogeneous azeotropic distillations. Without exploiting some other effect (such as changing the pressure from column to column), it is impossible to separate mixtures that have residue curve maps like illus. b.
A large number of mixtures have residue curve maps similar to illus. c, and therefore the corresponding distillation is given the special name extractive distillation.
Heterogeneous entrainers cause liquid-liquid phase separations to occur in such a way that the composition of each phase lies on either side of a distillation boundary. In this way, the entrainer allows the separation to “jump” over a boundary that would otherwise be impassable.
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Wikipedia: Azeotropic distillation
Top Home > Library > Miscellaneous > WikipediaIn chemistry, azeotropic distillation[1] is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous, such as the example below with the addition of benzene to water and ethanol.
Contents [hide]
1 Example - distillation of ethanol/water
2 Material separation agent
3 Pressure-swing distillation
4 Molecular sieves
5 See also
6 References
Example - distillation of ethanol/water
A common distillation with an azeotrope is the distillation of ethanol and water. Using normal distillation techniques, ethanol can only be purified to approximately 96% (hence the 96% (192 proof) strength of some commercially available grain alcohols).
Once at a 96.4% ethanol/water concentration the vapor from the boiling mixture is also 96.4%. Further distillation is therefore ineffective. Some uses require a higher percentage of alcohol, for example when used as a gasoline additive. The 96.4% azeotrope needs to be "broken" in order to refine further.
Material separation agent
One method is the addition of an "MSA", a material separation agent. The addition of benzene to the mixture changes the molecular interactions and eliminates ("breaks") the azeotrope. The drawback is that another separation is needed to remove the benzene.
Pressure-swing distillation
Another method, pressure-swing distillation, relies on the fact that an azeotrope is pressure dependent. It also depends on the knowledge that an azeotrope is not a range of concentrations that can not be distilled, but the point at which activity coefficients are crossing one another. If the azeotrope can be "jumped over", distillation can continue, although because the activity coefficients have crossed, the water will boil out of the ethanol.
To "jump" the azeotrope, the azeotrope can be moved by altering the pressure. Typically, pressure will be set such that the azeotrope will be closer to 100% concentration. For ethanol, that may be 97%. Ethanol can now be distilled up to 97%. It will actually be distilled to something slightly less, like 96.5% The 96.5% alcohol is then sent to a distillation column that is under a different pressure, one that pulls the azeotrope down, maybe to 96%. Since the mixture is already above the 96% azeotrope, the distillation will not get "stuck" at that point and the ethanol can be distilled to whatever concentration is needed.
Molecular sieves
Main article: molecular sieve
For the distillation of ethanol for gasoline addition, the most common means of breaking the azeotrope
A. Sridhar, Onipenta
ReplyDeleteQ: Ñ °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
1. Data base, 2. Energetic,
3. Cuttif, 4. Toned milk,
5. Pasteurized milk, 6. Portfolio,
7. Mission impossible, 8. Mind
block, 9. Polyphonic ring tones,
10. Open cast (¶Ôí∫’_ í∫†’©’), 11. Fire brand,
12. Tomboy, 13. Flameboyant, 14. Long last,
15. Last long (Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéà ûËú≈ èπÿú≈ îÁ°æpí∫-
©®Ω’.), 16. Search light, 17. Spot light,
18. Lime light, 19. Profile, 20. Body language,
21. Roking, 22. Trekking, 23. Dam
nonsense, 24. Struggle, 25. Special drive,
26. Enclave,27. Bullsheet, 28. Killer instinct,
29. Basic instinct, 30. Just like that,
31. Gallop poll, 32. Aggressive,
33. Derivative, 34. Joint venture, 35. Hard talk.
A: 1 = á°æ¤p-úøçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÊÆçü¿’èπ◊, ¢√úø’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊
Computer ™ E©y ÖçîË Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç.
2 = ®Ω’-Èéj†, Öû√q-£æ«-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, •©-¢Á’i†.
3 = Ñ ´÷ô English
™ ™‰ü¿’.
4 = éÌ´¤y ¨»ûªç
ûªT_ç-*† §ƒ©’.
5 = §ƒ©’, ´’ü¿uç-™«çöÀ
°æüΔ-®√l¥©’ NJ-T-
§Ú-èπ◊çú≈/ °æ¤L-Æoe-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÊÆ
v°ævéÀߪ’. Pasteurization (French ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh
Lewis Pasteur éπE-°-ö«dúø’). Å™« îËÆoe†
§ƒ™‰ Pasteurized milk.
6 = á) ´·êu-¢Á’i† °ævû√©’, ¶Ô´’t©’ °ô’dèπ
◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË case (°õ„d).
G) *vûª-é¬-®Ω’©÷, éπ∞«-é¬-®Ω’©÷, Photographers
UÆoe†/ BÆoe† *vû√© Ææç°æ¤öÀ.
Æoe) äéπ- ´uéÀhéÀ Ö†o business shares (NNüμ¿
éπç°-F™x ¢√ö«©’).
úÕ) äéπ ´’çvA E®Ωy-£oe«çîË ´’çvAûªy ¨»ê.
7) Å≤ƒ-üμ¿u-¢Á’i† ¶«üμ¿uûª.
8) ´’†-èπ◊†o Ç™-îª-†ØË correct ņ’-èπ◊E ÉçéÓ
Ç™- ´’† -•’-v®Ω-™éÀ îÌ®Ω-•-úø-F-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç.
9) NNüμ¿ ®Ω鬩 ÆæçUûª ¨¡¶«l© Ææ¢Ë’t-∞¡-†çûÓ èπÿúÕ†
ring tones.
10) áèπ◊\´ ™ûª’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ ¶μº÷N’ Ö°æ-J-ûª©ç
(surface) éÀçü¿ØË ¶Ôí∫’_ ÖçúË í∫†’©’.
11) v°æ¶μº’ûªyç, îªö«d-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’
È®îªa-íÌöÀd, ûªüΔy®√, ¢√öÀ™x ´÷®Ω’p-©èπ◊
v°æߪ’-Aoç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
12) DE Correct spelling: Zombie
á) F®Ω-Ææçí¬ û√¢Ë’ç °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Á÷, áçü¿’èπ◊
îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢Á÷ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx,
´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
G) éπC™‰ vÊ°û√©’ (African, West Indies
ü˨»-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx †¢Ë’t v°æ鬮Ωç).
13) «-éÃí¬, Çûªt-N-¨»y-ÆæçûÓ Ö†o; (ü¿’Ææ’h©’)
´·ü¿’®Ω’ ®Ωçí∫’ûÓ gaudy í¬ éÌöÔd-*a-†-ô’xçúË.
14) At long last = *ôd-*-´-JéÀ.
15) î√™«-é¬©ç ´’ØËo.
16) ®√vA-°æ‹ô ¶μºvü¿-ûª-éÓÆæç ÅA -v°æ-é¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬
ÖçúÕ, Åô÷ Éô÷ A°æp-í∫-L-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬
ÖçúË lights. ´·êuçí¬ ¨¡vûª’-´¤© îÌ®Ω-¶«-ô’†’
îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬.
17) äÍé- äéπ v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† é¬çA-°æ¤ç-ïçûÓ ´’†ç
ņ’-èπ◊†o ´Ææ’h´¤ O’ü¿-°æúË D°æç.
18) To be in the limelight = v°æñ«-ü¿%-≠oed™ °æúøôç,
v°æï© ü¿%≠oedE §Òçü¿ôç.
19) á) Sideview of a person's face - ´uéÀh
áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, °æéπ\ †’ç*
îª÷Æoe†°æ¤púø’, ´’†èπ◊ éπE-°oeçîË ´·ë«-éπ%A.
G) äéπ-JE/ Company E í∫’Jç-*† N´-®√©’.
20) ´’†ç-E-©’aØË, èπÿ®Ω’aØË, îª÷ÊÆ, ´’† Å´-ߪ’-¢√-
©†’ éπCÊ° B®Ω’†’ •öÀd, ´’† ¢Ájê-JE,
¶μ«¢√-©†’, ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªúøç– üË£æ«-¶μ«≠æ©’ ņ-´îª’a.
21) Ü°æôç.
22) v¨¡´’-ûÓ-èπÿ-úÕ† Ææ’D-®Ω`-¢Á’i† (î√© ü¿÷®Ωç) †úøéπ.
23) Å®Ωnç, °æ®Ωnç ™‰E ´÷ô©÷/ îËûª©÷.
24) §Ú®√ôç, v¨¡´’.
25) v°æûËuéπ éπ%≠oe, v°æߪ’ûªoç, ´·êuçí¬ éÌçûª-´’çC
v°æï©’ éπLÆoe Ææ´’-≠oedí¬, ™‰üΔ Ææç≤ƒní∫ûªçí¬
îËÊÆC.
26) äéπ-ü˨¡ç/ †í∫-®Ωç-™E v°æü˨¡ç – Ñ v°æüË-¨¡ç™
E´-ÆoeçîË ¢√J ´’ûªç, ¶μ«≥ƒ ÆæçÆæ\%-ûª’©’
ü˨¡ç/ †í∫-®Ωç™E N’í∫-û√-¢√J ¶μ«≥ƒ ÆæçÆæ\%-ûª’-
©èπ◊ Gμ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·.
27) Bull sheet é¬ü¿’, bull shit = ÉC ü¿÷≠æù,
A®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. ´’®√u-ü¿-Ææ’h©/
°ü¿l-¢√J Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC. Å®Ωnç– äéπ®Ω’
îÁÊ°pü¿çû√ •÷ôéπç, ûÁL-N-™‰-EC, îÁûªh ÅE
ü¿÷≠oeç-îªúøç.
28) ´·êuçí¬ ÉC véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
¢√úøû√ç. v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕçî√-©ØË °æô’d-ü¿©– ÉC
Ææ£æ«ï í∫’ùçí¬ ¶μ«Nç-*-†-°æ¤púø’.
29) Ææ£æ«ï í∫’ùç/ °æ¤ô’déπûÓ ´îËa üμÓ®ΩùÀ.
30) Å™«ØË/ Ü®Ω-éπØË.
31) äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç*,
´·êuçí¬ áEo-éπ© N≠æß
ª’ç™ E®Ωy-£oe«çîË v°æñ«-Gμ-
v§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù– à §ƒKdéÀ
áçûª Nï-ߪ÷-´-鬨¡ç ÖçC?
ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Gallup ÅØË Çߪ’† Ñ
ÅGμ-v§ƒßª’ ÊÆéπ-®Ωù NüμΔ-Ø√Eo éπE-°-ö«dúø’.
32) ü¿’úø’èπ◊-í¬ -Ö†o.
33) ´’®Ó üΔ†’oç* °æ¤öÀd†. ûÁ©’í∫’™E ´÷ô©’
î√-™«´®Ωèπ◊, derivatives from Sanskrit.
ÆæçÆæ\%ûªç †’ç* ´*a-†N.
34) Ææ´’≠oed ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç.
35) Ö†oC Ö†oô’x îÁ°æpúøç.
Sai kumar, Hyderabad.
Q: O’®Ω’ °æ©’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ÉçTx≠ˇ í∫’Jç* N´-J-Ææ’h-†oçü
¿’èπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o Phrasal
verbs í∫’Jç* ´’JEo N´-®√-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√-®ΩE
ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ´*a† éÌEo Doubts †’
clarify îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
If I were the owner of that car, I would keep
it cleaner than I would keep my own home...
Ééπ\úø ûª† ÉçöÀE already clean í¬ Öç-
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. 'é¬®Ω’†’ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶μºçí¬ Öç-èπ◊çö
«†’— Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ééπ\úø é¬®Ω’éÃ, £æ«Ù¢˛’éÃ
È®çúÕ-çöÀéà I would keep ÅE ®√¨»®Ω’. N´-Jçî
ªçúÕ.
A: If I were the owner ÅE ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, ؈’
É°æ¤púø’ Ç Car owner 鬆’, Å®·† °æJ-Æoen-A™,
(É°æ¤púøC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰ é¬®Ω’†’ áèπ◊\´
¨¡Ÿv¶μº-ûªûÓ Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«†’, ÅE. Ééπ\úø would †’
ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†oô’xí¬ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊
¢√úøû√ç.
If I were the C.M., I would make you a minister
= ØËE-°æ¤púø’ C.M. †’ 鬆’. Å´ôç Åçô÷
ïJ-TûË, E†’o ´’çvAE îË≤ƒh†’.
I would make you - Ééπ\úø O’J-*a† ¢√éπuç™
´÷CJ would èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'É°æ¤púø’— ÅE é¬ü¿’. ؈’
Æoe.áç. 'Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’— ÅE.
Q: a) I don't have the money now = É°æ¤púø’ Ø√
ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’. ´’J 'É°æ¤púø’ / Í®°æ¤ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω
úø•’s Öçúøü¿’— Åçõ‰ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L?
b) He doesn't have a cell: Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆ™¸ ™‰ü¿’.
´’J 'Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆ™¸ Öçúøü¿’— Åçõ‰ ᙫ
®√ߪ÷L?
A: a) I won't (will not)
have the
money.
b) He will not
(won't) have a
cell.
Q: Bunny makes
Mahalaxmy fall
head over heels for
him = DE meaning, phrasal verb ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’?
A: Headover heels = °æ‹Jhí¬ vÊ°´’™ °æúøôç.
Bunny ´’£æ…-©éÀ~ tE ûª†ûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ vÊ°´’™ °æúËô’x
îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.
Q: Our teacher hasn't explained to us to how
we should do have to do it - Ñ ¢√éπuç *´®Ω
have to do it áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC? üΔE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
àN’öÀ?
A: Our teacher hasn't told us how we should
have to do it - should do it = have to do it =
îËߪ÷L. (NCμí¬, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬).
Q: a) °æ¤ùuç, b) üΔ†ç c) üμ¿®Ωtç d) áçTL,
áçT-L-F®Ω’, áçTL ņoç, áçTL ®Ìõ„d – OöÀéÀ
ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔ©’ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
A: a) °æ¤ùuç ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô
™‰ü¿’. Eternal bliss/ earn merit (°æ¤ùuç
Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç)/ merit - É™« NNüμ¿ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬
îÁ•’-û√®Ω’.
b) üΔ†ç, üμ¿®Ωtç = charity.
c) áçTL – Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ A†í¬ (éÌ®Ωí¬_)
N’T-LçC, ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’.
á´-È®jØ√ AE äCL °öÀd† Ç£æ…-®√Eo left over(s)
Åçö«®Ω’.
Q: Pickup, Wakeup. É™«çöÀ áØÓo °æüΔ©’
éÌEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x pick me up, wake me up, I woke up
í¬ ´≤ƒh®·. à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x OöÀ ´’üμ¿u™ pronoun
´Ææ’hçC? ®Ω÷™¸q àN’öÀ?
A: OöÀE Phrasal Verbs Åçö«ç. OöÀ ´’üμ¿u
pronoun ®√´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ rule Åçô÷ à癉ü¿’.
¢√úø’éπèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cμç-*† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC. ¢√úøí¬
¢√úøí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
K. Chandu, B.Y.Nagar, Sirisilla.
Q: Why doctor? Why through Vishnu? ™«çöÀ
¢√é¬u-©†’ O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ Éî√a®Ω’. OöÀ™ verb
àC? O’Í®¢Á÷ verb ™‰EüË ¢√é¬u©’ Öçúø-´E
îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J °j ¢√é¬u™x verb ™‰ü¿’ éπüΔ?
Spoken English ™ É™«ç-öÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a
ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰.. í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ He coming slowly
ÅE Öçõ‰ ûª°æpE îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J °j ¢√é¬u©’ ᙫ
ÆæÈ®j-†¢Ó îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.
A. Why doctor?/ Why through Vishnu?
É™«ç-öÀN conversational/ Spoken English ™
î√™« common. ÉC why ûÓØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) 'shall we watch the match?' (Match
îª÷üΔl´÷?)
'Why not?' (ã, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)– ÉC question é¬ü¿’.
b) Doctor: Have an X-ray taken
(X-ray B®·ç--éÓçúÕ).
Patient: Why, doctor? (áçü¿’-éπçúOE?)
– Ééπ\úø 'áçü¿’èπ◊— ÅE Åúø-í∫-ô¢Ë’ ûª°æp,
sentence é¬ü¿’.
c) Why through someone? = ¢√∞¡x üΔy®√
áçü¿’èπ◊?
É™«çöÀ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'Wh' words ûÓØË
´Ææ’hçC: Where?/ When?/ How?/ Why?/
Who? etc.,
He coming slowly ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™,
°j v°æßÁ÷í∫ç °æE-éÀ-®√ü¿’.
Q: Our office is open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. ÅE
í∫ûªç™ O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’. Ñ ¢√éπuç ûª°æ¤p éπüΔ?
A: Our office is open from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. Ñ
sentence ™ verb 'is' - 'be' form. Ñ sentence
™ open verb é¬ü¿’, adjective. 'ûÁ®Ω*
Ö†o— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
It is opened by me everyday - Ñ sentence
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ÅC ®ÓW Ø√ îËûª ûÁ®Ω-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC ÅE.
Ééπ\úø verb, is (be form) + opened (PP) - III
form.
Q: 'á°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË °æüΔ-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† ÉçTx≠ˇ °æüΔEo
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’?
A: How long/ till when/ till what time? = á°æpöÀ
´®Ωèπ◊?
D.R. Jagitial.
Q: The word 'tense'
comes from the Latin
'tempus' ÅE äéπ ví¬´’®˝
°æ¤Ææh-éπç™ îªC-¢√†’. Has
come from (or) came
from ņ-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ simple present tense ØË
áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?
A: Ééπ\úø come/ comes from Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ÅC
üΔØÓxç* °æ¤öÀdç-ü¿E– ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ ÖçúË N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’/
ÉC idiom - DEéÀ tense rules ´Jhç-¤.
Q: No preposition is used before some wordsthis,
next, last etc., ÅE äéπ Éçô-Kt-úÕ-ߪ’ö¸
Èíjú˛™ îªC-¢√†’. O’Í®¢Á÷ in, on ©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E ûÁL-§ƒ®Ω’. àC éπÈ®éÓd N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
A: This ´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ preposition ®√ü¿’? In this
Åçö«ç éπüΔ? Next, Last- ÉN adjectives ¢√öÀéÀ
prepositions ®√´¤. ÉC ¶μ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç.
Ch. Ramesh, Rekonda.
Q: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ÅØË Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ don't
know ¢√úø-û√®√, ™‰üΔ haven't know †’
¢√úø-û√®√? ´·êuçí¬ know Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?
Haven't known the book?
Don't know the book?
°j ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC?
A: I don't know about the book = Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç
í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
I haven't known about the book = Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
V. Koteswara Rao, Kotturu.
Q: Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ Ççí∫xç™ á™« ®√ߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-°æí∫-
©®Ω’. ´’ØÓt-£æ«Ø˛ 'áØÓo— v°æüμΔE?
A: DEéÀ English ™ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™
¢√úË expression àD™‰ü¿E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒpç.
Q: äéπ-≤ƒJ O’®Ω’ will, shall í∫’Jç* ®√Æoe-†-°æ¤púø’ You
shall, He shall ÅE ¢√ú≈®Ω’. Shall ÅØËC I and
We °æéπ\† ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E 鬙‰-@™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.
A: a) You/ He °æéπ\† shall ¢√úÕûË, order (ûª°æp-EÆæ-
Jí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE), E•ç-üμ¿-†-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.
b) You/ He/ She/ it/ they + shall express orders,
rules, duties, warnings and promises.
c) You shall complete the work before the
evening = °æE ≤ƒßª’ç-vûªç-™°æ¤ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L
(order).
d) No one (he/ she) shall smoke here - (rule)
e) They shall not come here again = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ´’Sx
Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿’ (warning).
f) You shall have my support = Ø√ support
Fèπ◊ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC (promise).
ÉO you/ he/ she/ it/ they ûÓ shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
Q: Lord - feminine gender àN’ö